درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The writings of Shaykh Ṣadūq (d. 381 AH) increasingly contain narrations from " Faḍl ibn Shādhān "(d. 260 AH) from Imam Riḍā (AS). Over the past centuries, theologians and jurists have relied on these reports as a basis for their arguments and interpretations in theological and jurisprudential matters. However, Professor Muḥammad Baqir Behboudi, citing the Rijāl of Kashshī and Ṭūsī , claims that " Ibn Shādhān "was born after the martyrdom of Imam Riḍā (AS) and thus considers those narrations to be unreliable. In his view, the responsibility for attributing the narration of " Faḍl " from Imam Riḍā (AS) lies with " ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Qutayba ," whom he deems to be a false and untrustworthy individual. In contrast, the author of this article, through a review of the Rijāl of Kashshī and Ṭūsī and other sources, and by considering various evidences, reaches a different conclusion in both areas, positing that Ibn Shādhān was born around the year 180 AH or earlier, which would allow for the possibility of reporting from Imam Riḍā (AS) (who died in 203 AH). Moreover, the reports from " ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn Qutayba "recognized as a Shiʻa narrator and theologian contemporary with Imam Hādī and Imam ʻAskarī (AS), are transmitted in " Tehdhīb al-Aḥkām ," " al-Istibṣār ," " Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhul Faqīh ," and the writings of Shaykh Ṣadūq as well as other foundational Hādīth sources. The author, through a deep exploration of the statements of Kashshī, Najāshī, Ṭūsī, Ḥillī , and other experts in the field of Rijāl such as Mirdāmād, Wahid Behbahani, Shūshtarī, and Zanjani, firmly establishes that " Ibn Shādhān "is a highly esteemed scholar, trustworthy, and one of the eminent luminaries of the Ahl al-Bayt school of thought.

The Sermon of Shiqshiqīyyah is one of the famous sermons of Nahj al-Balāghah . Throughout history, there have been numerous discussions and studies regarding this sermon, both in terms of its text and its sanad (chain of transmitters). The text of the sermon and the abundance of these studies indicate that from the very first moments of its issuance, these words of the Prophet were noticed by the people and had a significant impact on both present and absent listeners. On the other hand, "Rhetoric" as a form of eloquence and public speaking has been prevalent since the time of Plato and examines how speech influences and persuades the audience. The study of rhetoric investigates how a "Rhetor" or speaker engages the audience and convinces them of their viewpoint. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to answer the question, ‘From the perspective of the science of rhetoric, what persuasive techniques are employed in the Sermon of Shiqshiqīyyah ?’ Analyzing the Sermon of Shiqshiqīyyah from the perspective of rhetoric shows that all the main elements, including "Ethos," "Pathos," and "Logos," have been carefully observed in the Prophet's speech. This is indicative of the fact that delivering such words at this level of rhetorical and eloquent knowledge is only possible for an infallible being.