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This article explores the concept of critical geopolitics to understand how international trade laws influence access to medicines within the framework of the TRIPS agreement. Classical geopolitics traditionally emphasizes how geographical features shape state strategy and global power dynamics, whereas critical geopolitics interprets geographical arrangements as constructs shaped by political, economic, and technological forces. By adopting a critical geopolitics approach, this article investigates how developed and developing nations use their ideas, actions, and interpretations of international trade laws to influence the implementation of TRIPS provisions in their favor. The TRIPS agreement, a multilateral treaty aimed at standardizing global intellectual property laws, often benefits developed nations by strengthening patent protections, which in turn restricts access to affordable generic medicines in developing and least developed countries. Despite the inclusion of safeguards and flexibilities designed to promote broader access to medicines, significant inequalities in access persist. This article examines the differential application of TRIPS across diverse national contexts, focusing on how developed and developing nations collaborate—or conflict—in balancing the need for strong patent protection with the imperative of public health access. By analyzing these geopolitical dynamics, the study illuminates the strategic actions employed by nations to navigate the intricate relationship between international trade law and access to pharmaceuticals. The findings offer important insights into the power imbalances that shape global health outcomes under the TRIPS regime.

Pak-Iran relations are of great importance for both states. There have been some stumbling blocks in bilateral relations: India-Iran ties, Sectarianism, Jundullah, and the Taliban are all factors that have harmed relations in the post-9/11 era. However, the changing regional dynamics provide for opportunities following the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan. This research looks into the factors that did not allow the relationship to grow altogether despite the existing potential in the post-9/11 period. The growing India-Iran ties, their North-South Transport Corridor, and the Indian plan to include Chabahar in it are causing concern in Islamabad. This mistrust needs to be bridged to augment cooperation. Moreover, the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the China-Iran comprehensive cooperation agreement are good developments for both Pakistan and Iran to turn the relationship into a closer partnership. The changing dynamics in the region provide opportunities for both the states to adopt.

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a ground-breaking free trade agreement that encompasses fifteen Asia-Pacific nations, including significant economies such as China, Japan, South Korea, and Australia. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which was signed in 2020, is one of the most significant free trade agreements in the world. It is comprised of 15 nations, including the ASEAN countries. The primary objective of the paper is to investigate the RCEP as a geopolitical strategy, examining its formation and significance, as well as elucidate on the issues and challenges associated with its implementation in order to effectively promote global trade and regional stability. This article also examines the strategic benefits that are crucial to RCEP member’s interests and the motivations that underlie their participation. The paper employs a doctrinal legal approach to analyse the strategic significance, implications, and formulation of the RCEP. The results indicate that the RCEP substantially improves regional economic integration, reduces economic dependencies, and decreases susceptibility to external trade conflicts. China’s leadership in RCEP, which establishes it as a central participant in regional trade and counters Western influence, supports the Belt and Road Initiative. The agreement enhances intra-regional trade, reduces Western leverage, and cultivates a collaborative framework that transforms the geopolitical landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.

As a developing Southeast Asian state, Malaysia actively engages in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), such as ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), to pursue economic and geopolitical goals. However, these agreements present challenges due to legal complexities, geopolitical dynamics, and economic consequences. This research explores  As a developing Southeast Asian state, Malaysia actively engages in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), such as ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), to pursue economic and geopolitical goals. However, these agreements present challenges due to legal complexities, geopolitical dynamics, and economic consequences. This research explores Malaysia's strategic involvement in RTAs, focusing on their development, legal frameworks, geopolitical implications, and economic impacts. This study utilizes a doctrinal legal research methodology to analyze primary and secondary sources, including legal documents, treaties, and scholarly publications, with the goal of uncovering significant themes, recurring patterns, and deeper insights. The findings indicate that although Malaysia participates in regional trade agreements (RTAs) to bolster economic resilience and foster regional integration, their effective management is challenged by constantly evolving geopolitical dynamics and uncertainties. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on regionalism and multilateralism within the global trade system.

Following the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 and the establishment of governments based on the people's votes, due to the long-standing religious and cultural ties between the peoples of Iran and Iraq, the ground for Iran's activism in the geopolitics of this country was provided. Iran's regional policy, while observing the principles of good neighborliness and non-interference, has taken a special and strategic view of these developments and has acted in an effort to secure national interests. In this regard, three patterns regarding Iran's activism in Iraq's geopolitics are proposed, which include the pattern of passive activism or non-participation, interactive activism, and activism based on soft power and economic links. Examining these three patterns and the advantages and disadvantages associated with each one, and analysis regarding which pattern will be more likely to provide Iran's national interests are the main topics of this article. Based on the results of this research, Iran can have a unique position in Iraq's geopolitics due to its relative advantages compared to other actors. Based on this, an effective regional policy to deepen the relations between Iran and Iraq, on the one hand, is focused on social relations that are rooted in culture, religion, language and common race, and on the other hand, it is focused on deepening economic relations and establishing mutual dependence. 

The current study looks at New Eurasianism as a fundamental ideology of Russia's geopolitical strategy, New Political economy in shadow of its economic integration towards the Eurasian region. New Eurasianism has called for greater cooperation among civilizations and the development of a polycentric world pattern, promoting investment, trade, security, and infrastructure. The study examines key international actors, principally China and the European Union (EU), in the context of their responses to Russia's Eurasian project, by using qualitative approach. The approach of China is to have a strategic partnership with Russia with the aim of fighting US unchallenged dominance and for regional peace. Given its dependence on Russian energy, the EU is combining economic sanctions with energy cooperation. The findings show the influential role played by New Eurasianism in advocating the establishment of a multipolar world order and reforming the global geopolitical architecture with various strategic partnerships and regional integration projects.

Hydropolitical relations between different actors can include a range of behaviors from peace to military conflict. Because of the multiplicity of scales and discourses, hydropolitical relations are affected by various factors that have not been studied coherently in hydropolitics literature. The purpose of this research is to expound on the factors that impact hydropolitical relations, and measure their relative significance. To this end, 12 macro factors and 61 secondary factors were detected for the design of the questionnaire based on the library data in the field of hydropolitical relations. In order to rank factors, the AHP method questionnaire was used, which was completed by 10 experts in the field of hydropolitics studies. Based on the results, the 12 macro effective factors were ordered as: climate, geography, water resources shortage, water resources management, legal, political, environmental, economic, military, security, cultural, and technological factors.

ASEAN's active participation as a third party in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) preserves its economic interests while strengthening regional cohesion and cooperation. However, challenges such as limited resources, diverse national interests, and lack of legal competence remain. This paper examines the benefit and challenges of ASEAN’s participation as third parties in the WTO through qualitative document analysis and critical case studies. It underscores the need for third-party involvement in enhancing WTO DSM, boosting transparency, and contemplating broader global trade effects. The study proposes capacity-building efforts, improved intra-ASEAN cooperation, and partnerships with other WTO members and international organizations. As ASEAN's economic integration and global trade, activity grows, so will its role in the WTO DSM, underlining the importance of strategic and collaborative engagement in international trade law and policy. 

Illegal fishing is one of the biggest problems currently being faced from various existing marine and fishery activity problems. The fishing ground in other countries has started to run out, while the abundance of fish in the Indonesian seas makes foreign fishermen tempted to exploit fish in the Indonesian sea illegally, especially in the areas around the coast of Riau province, for example, in the Kabupaten of Meranti. This research with the systematic literature review method attempted to analyze how Indonesia's strategies and policies are in maintaining the defense of the border areas to prevent illegal fishing in the coastal waters of Riau Province in a sustainable manner using a systems approach. The results of the study stated that the occurrence of illegal fishing is also triggered by the need and demand for certain fish stocks that have high economic value, especially those consumed by visitors of expensive restaurants overseas.

Iraq's Hammar marsh was a key region for food production economically. The Hammar marsh's ecosystem had started to deteriorate by 1980 because of the war. Ever since then it has had serious issues brought on by both natural and human causes. We highlight these issues, their links, and how social and economic forces led to environmental deterioration in this essay by focusing on globalization. We measured changes in ecological, economic, and social systems using a variety of metrics during the last 20 years in order to quantify the issues and chronicle the changes. Significant climatological changes, including decreases in precipitation and humidity as well as temperature rises, have influenced environmental deterioration in the Hammar marsh. The Hammar marsh's social structures were also subjected to a great deal of stress, including as conflict and sanctions. To determine how the environment has changed across three periods between 2002, 2012, and 2022, we computed and examined categorization changes in Landsat images. Throughout the research region, changes in climatological variables were linked to changes in the vegetation and water.