مطالب

The main purpose of the present study was to determine the factors affecting the establishment of sports knowledge-based companies based on electronic knowledge. To pursue this aim, Glaser's grounded theory was used as the qualitative research method. 16 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with academic and industry experts in the field of sports using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. Data analysis was performed in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and the preliminary list of factors was identified through initial library studies. The 105 values affecting the development of sports knowledge-based companies based on electronic knowledge were extracted through the open coding process. The final pattern was created using the results of axial coding, which revealed the identification of 12 subcategories, falling into two main categories: intra-organization (human resources, management, marketing, legal, and financial factors) and extra-organization (educational/creativity and innovation factors, economic, cultural-social, infrastructure, legal, policy-making, and support/protection). According to the findings of the study, the professional and comprehensive view of managers and scientific and executive officials on these mentioned factors can change the ecosystem of sports entrepreneurship in Iran, providing the necessary context and infrastructure, as well as the sports community's interest in entrepreneurship and the formation of knowledge-based companies. This is, of course, accompanied by long-term job opportunities for activists in this sector as well as the development of new and inventive ideas, goods, and services.

Discourse Markers (DMs) are pragmatic ties representing the relationship between different concepts in a discourse. As Fraser (2009) puts it, these lexical expressions are free morphemes that signal a special message about or in addition to the basic message. Given the importance of DMs in the written discourse of English as foreign language (EFL) learners, this study investigated the effectiveness of two methods of interaction in improving Iranian EFL learners’ use of discourse markers (DMs) in writing compositions. The data were drawn from comparing the compositions of two virtual groups of EFL learners who were exposed to two types of online interactions within which different flipped instructional activities were assigned. The data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that the learners who engaged in online discussions used higher numbers of DM in terms of both type and token. The results also showed an increase in the length of compositions in the case of those groups who embarked on online interactions and discussions of flipped content. The findings suggest that once supported by the provision of flipped content, online interactions help create authentic opportunities for learner-centered discussions, which lead to an increased authenticity level of the EFL learners’ language production. The findings might also underscore the significance of flipped content and online interactions in developing other aspects of EFL learners’ pragmatic competence.

INTRODUCTION: Today, most developed countries have considered natural disasters a part of their urban and regional planning and believe that preventing natural disasters is the best way to deal with them. Extensive natural disasters, especially in large cities, are always associated with negative consequences and disorder. Meanwhile, the role of specialized forces becomes extremely limited in quantity to save the lives of those trapped under the rubble and provide rapid relief to the injured because the factors of time and physical extent of the disaster play key roles in the success of the rescue operation. METHODS: This applied research was conducted based on a descriptive-correlational design. In this study, the location of the city of Sisakht city, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran, at the time of the earthquake was described, and without interfering with the variables, it merely measured them and drew conclusions about the characteristics of those properties or the relationship between the variables. This method evaluates the social benefits, desirability, or effectiveness of a process, product, or program, and focuses on the application of its findings. FINDINGS: The occurrence of widespread natural disasters, especially in major cities, is always associated with negative consequences, disorder, and confusion. In enormous disasters, such as devastating earthquakes, large amounts of rescue operations are carried out by people after the disaster. Meanwhile, the role of specialized forces becomes extremely limited in quantity to save the lives of those trapped under the rubble and provide rapid relief to the injured because the factors of time and physical extent of the disaster play key roles in the success of the rescue operation. CONCLUSION: In modern management, rapid relief during an earthquake has an important role in reducing casualties. Factors effective in saving time and providing rapid relief include choosing an optimal route to access the affected area and using new technologies, such as a Geographic Information System and Global Positioning System. In addition to playing a decisive role in reducing casualties and material damage, practical and rapid management can minimize the problems that occur in the medium and long term after an earthquake.