مطالب

This study aimed at investigating and comparing the expenditure of cognitive effort in translating various text types. The text typology of Reiss (1971, 2014) including informative, expressive, and operative text types was used as the theoretical framework. A mixed-method approach involving the use of screen recording, keystroke logging, think-aloud protocols, and retrospective interviews was adopted for the investigation. To pursue the research aims, 22 senior translation students were recruited to participate in the study and perform three translation tasks: translating informative, expressive, and operative texts. By using think-aloud protocols, the participants were instructed to speak out during the execution of the tasks. The amount of time spent by each participant and the number of pauses taken by them on each translation task were measured and compared as indicators of cognitive effort. Additionally, time and pause analyses were triangulated using technical operation analysis to have a better perception and obtain more reliable results. The findings of this study showed a significant difference in the cognitive effort required to translate informative, expressive, and operative texts. The findings also revealed a higher level of cognitive effort in translating expressive text compared with informative and operative ones

Cet article vise à analyser la formation linguistique de l’apprenant irakien du FLE. en mettant l’accent sur le cursus des études supérieures. Les étudiants en master, encore inexpérimentés dans la recherche, rencontrent des difficultés avec le programme actuel. Leur formation antérieure leur a-t-elle donné suffisamment de savoirs dans le domaine linguistique ? Au cours de cet article, nous analysons le système éducatif irakien du français langue étrangère à l’université de Bagdad. Il s’agit de la méthodologie classique et de sa revalorisation liée à la réforme du système.  Quel est le rôle des cursus traditionnels de FLE dans le processus de l'enseignement au magistère ? Dans un contexte hétérogène, il s’agit d’un pays non francophone. Nous proposons quelques pistes d’étude afin de commencer à  rénover  le système éducatif et l’actualiser dans un sens qui le rapproche des autres systèmes d’enseignement internationaux Nous proposons un modèle spécifique pour notre contexte particulier: D. H. E. B.,  Double Hélice Éducative de Bagdad. Ce modèle est dynamique, génératif, auto-évolutif et applicatif. Notre approche spécifique nous aide à former des recommandations pédagogiques participant à la réforme de l’enseignement-apprentissage du français à l’université de Bagdad.   

Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers nerve cells use to transmit signals to target cells. Neurotransmitters affect the behavioral aspects of investors' performance. Therefore, this study investigated neurotransmitters' effect on individual investors' behavior by using structural equation modeling. To achieve this goal, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis has been used. The study is applied research and utilizes a survey methodology. The required data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires among 315 individual investors. This study was done in the Tehran stock exchange's second and third seasons of 2023. According to the research, neurotransmitters through eight components of adrenaline or epinephrine, noradrenaline or norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric add), acetylcholine, glutamate, and endorphins affect the behavior of individual investors. Based on the second-order confirmatory factor analysis, the GABA component (0.39) has the highest impact, and adrenaline or epinephrine (0.25) has the least effect on the behavior of individual investors. The findings indicate the necessity of redefining rationality and considering its effects on investors' decisions and behavior.

The present study aimed to determine the impact of the school ethical climate on academic engagement, emphasizing the mediating role of achievement emotions in students. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The statistical population included all female 11th and 12th-grade students in Zahedan during the 1404-1403 academic year, totaling 29,588 students. Based on the Krejcie-Morgan table, a sample size of 379 students (198 from 11th grade and 181 from 12th grade) was selected. The research tools included the Victor and Cullen Ethical Climate Questionnaire (1988), the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire by Pekrun et al. (2005), and the Academic Engagement Questionnaire by Reeve and Tseng (2011). The validity of the questionnaires was established through content validity, and their reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficients: 0.88 for the ethical climate questionnaire, 0.86 for the achievement emotions questionnaire, and 0.80 for the academic engagement questionnaire. Data analysis involved Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis tests. The findings indicated that the school ethical climate had a direct positive effect on academic engagement and positive achievement emotions and a direct negative effect on negative achievement emotions. Additionally, positive achievement emotions had a direct positive effect on students' academic engagement, while negative achievement emotions had a direct negative effect. The results also highlighted that achievement emotions play a mediating and indirect role in the influence of the school ethical climate on students' academic engagement.

The present study aims to examine the mediating role of narcissism in the relationship between organizational commitment and job burnout among secondary school teachers in Zahedan. This research utilized a descriptive-correlational design. The study sample consisted of 213 teachers from elementary and secondary schools in Zahedan during the academic year 2024-2025, selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed the Maslach and Jackson Burnout Inventory (1981), the Allen and Meyer Organizational Commitment Scale (1990), and the Ames Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16). The data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modelling. The results indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between organizational commitment and job burnout among secondary school teachers in Zahedan, with narcissism acting as a mediating variable. Narcissism serves as a mediator between organizational commitment and job burnout among teachers; therefore, increasing narcissism and enhancing organizational commitment are recommended as preventive measures against teacher burnout.

Background: The world is rapidly becoming more intelligent, and AI is penetrating many fields, including international affairs. Based on this, we will soon witness the emergence of a new generation of embassies, namely AI embassies.Aims: This article answers the main question: "What are the prerequisites and requirements for using AI in embassies?"Methodology: This research, conducted using a qualitative approach and socio-technical theory, examines changes around embassies and operational experiences in this area and concludes that ambassadors need to align with modern developments to succeed in their diplomatic missions.Findings: The research findings indicate that a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the developments in the host country and benefiting from AI suggestions for developing relations with the government and people of the host country are among the advantages of AI embassies. Security issues and the need for skilled human resources are some of the challenges of AI embassies. Finally, the main achievement of this article is to provide an operational framework for the responsible use of AI in embassies.Conclusion: Designing and implementing an artificial intelligence strategy, ensuring data quality and security, empowering embassy staff, and continuous monitoring and evaluation are the most critical components of this proposed framework.

مقدمه: از سده های اولیه اسلامی، محراب به تدریج جزء اصلی و از عناصر غیرقابل حذف مساجد گردید. محراب فرورفتگی جانب قبله است که با مصالح متنوعی ساخته شده و مورد توجه شاعران در توصیف درجات عالی عرفان بوده است. چوب یکی از نادرترین موادی است که در ساخت محراب مورد توجه معماران اسلامی بود. بررسی ها نشان می دهد تعداد ۱۲ محراب چوبی در گستره سرزمین های اسلامی شناخته شده است. این مقاله با قیاس و تحلیل فنی کیفیت ساخت محراب های چوبی، به دنبال پاسخ این سوال است که تمایزات و اشتراکات محراب های چوبی از نظر تزئین، شکل کلی و فنون یا روش های ساخت و تزئین چگونه بوده است؟روش پژوهش: پژوهش از نوع بنیادی و از نظر رویکرد کیفی بوده و با روش توصیفی- تطبیقی اطلاعات مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. انتخاب نمونه ها به صورت هدف مند و بر مبنای متریال چوب بوده است. بازه زمانی پژوهش نیز از قرن ۴ تا ۱۰ هجری قمری است.یافته ها: نکته قابل تأمل درباره محراب های چوبی، تاریخ یا دوره ساخت آن هاست که صرفاً در فاصله قرون ۵ تا ۸ هجری قمری به صورت پیوسته ساخته شده است. از نظر تکنیکی دو رویکرد ساخت و ساز اصلی قابل تشخیص هستند. در نوع اول تزئینات و نقوش علاوه بر فضاهای میان چارچوب ها، بر روی خود چارچوب ها مستقیمأ حفر شده اند و چارچوب از چشم ببینده پنهان نیست. در نوع دوم، چارچوب اصلی در پشت قطعات و پانل های مجزای تزئیناتی پنهان شده است که ساختار تزئینی و بصری محراب را شکل می دادند. همچنین در تزئین آن ها، فراونی نقوش کتیبه ای و هندسی، غالب بر نقوش گیاهی است.نتیجه گیری: محراب ها هر چه از هسته جغرافیایی سرزمین های اسلامی دورتر می شود، بخش های بزرگتری از سطوح آن ها با کتیبه های قرآنی به عنوان ملموس ترین عنصر تجسم دین اسلام اشغال می شود. بدین ترتیب که در سرزمین مصر یا سوریه که از اولین سرزمین های فتح شده توسط مسلمانان بود، مضاف بر انتزاعی تر شدن نقوش، آیات قرآن در ترکیب بندی کلی سهم کمتری در تزئین سطح محراب نسبت به نقوش گیاهی و هندسی دارد. شاهد دیگر این مدعا، دیوارهای پوشیده از آیات قرآنی در مسجد جامع شیان چین و نیز اختصاصی بودن سوره فتح برای محراب های مساجد چین است.