metaphor

Este’areh is one of the most important poetic devices and of portraiture elements in carrying imagination in poetry to an extreme. History of this rhetorical topic dates back to Aristotle's Poetics and the topic of Este'areh in Arabic and Persian literature emanates from the same source. English equivalent of Este'areh is Metaphor. But, are these two exactly the same or they differ from each other? Here, pointing out the opinions of Sakkaki and Jorjani, the definition of Este'areh and its various types are given briefly first; then its difference from Metaphor is investigated. The result of the investigation is that although Metaphor, too, is a variation of metaphoric expression, its aim is not expression of beauty of simile, but transfer of meaning. Este'areh and Metaphor differ from each other because the former is based on simile and similarity, but the latter is based on "free association."

The subject of the present study is the metaphorical chain, a lesser-known characteristic of metaphorization in Khaghani's poetry. The purpose of this study is to better understand the ability of Khaghani odes, his specific techniques in metaphorization, the rhetorical capacities of the Persian language, and the elegance of Khaghani’s poetry. The statistical population was selected according to the version of Khaghani's odes emented by Mirjad al-Din al-Kaza'i, which contains 130 odes. The sample size was based on Cochran's formula and 97 odes were selected by simple random sampling using a random number table. The research method employed was descriptive-analytical. Data were obtained through the library and document analysis method and analyzed based on the content analysis technique. According to the research findings, in metaphorization, Khaghani used strange and far-fetched metaphors, hybrid metaphors, and metaphorical chains. The metaphorical chain is one of the lesser-known features of Persian literature and a stylistic feature of Khaghani’s poetry that distinguishes him from Iranian and Arab poets. Choosing the present tense with the transitive verb provided the poet with a metaphorical chain as exemplified in an 88-verse poem with the two motifs of the Prophet Mohamed's (p.b.u.h.) grave soil and praise of his poetry. In this poem, he succeeds in creating 44 metaphors for the grave of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and 14 metaphors in praising his poetry as a paradigmatic axis.

Metaphor is practised in all languages worldwide. Over the last two decades, investigation on metaphor has relied on some perspectives, such as lexical-constructional, critical, conceptual, axiological, cognitive theory or underlined aspects, as well as semantic and cultural pragmatic as the least of all. This qualitative study focused on how semantic component and cultural pragmatic were used to study the meaning and function of Balinese women metaphor. The purposive sampling method was to collect data from various sources and triangulated it into key informants. The results showed two classifications of Balinese women's metaphors, namely physical perspective as a concrete metaphor that depicts their body parts and personality perspective as an abstract, which emphasizes their ideal role. The pragmatic cultural interpretation involved the cognitive process of declarative analogy that referred to the similarity of values. Meanwhile, the personality perspective metaphor produced higher emotive values than the physical one. Hence, this type of metaphor is used by the Balinese people to advice women.

In the Qur'anic view, the main mission of the prophets and their heavenly books is preaching. If the Qur'an, in some cases, deals with any subject, it has only a preaching approach. If we look at the Qur'an as a book of preaching, we sometimes come across verses that seem untrue: such as the imprisonment of a people called Gog and Magog behind a dam until the Day of Judgment or the dropping of meteors to drive demons out of the sky. Allameh Tabatabai considers these two as untrue and considers the relevant verses as permissible. However, all the commentators of the Qur'an, in the last fourteen hundred years, have all considered these verses to be true, and it is a difficult claim to claim that they misunderstood the Qur'an. The competitive theory, which is discussed in this article, is that those are myths, and in preaching, there is nothing wrong with using the myths of the audience as a tool. This theory, while leaving the verses of the Qur'an on their apparent meaning that all commentators have understood over fourteen centuries, also proves the legitimacy of the Qur'an.

Metaphor is one of the verbal methods to express a particular concept through another one. Lack of proper knowledge of metaphor results in the lack of proper understanding of the text, meaning, and knowledge. The question is whether metaphor can be realized in the language of religion in practical words or not? The answer is that metaphor is not just about meaning. Rather, it exists in religious texts by aligning the calculated order of words and ultimately leads to the realization of practical speech. So, in addition to the beautifying and verbal richness of the text, it also causes an external connection with the outside world and the audience. The most important and remarkable result of the current study is the transition from the stage of meaning to the spirit of the text. Such a process is a dynamic one with the speaker and the listener, also pays attention to the texture of speech.

According to rhetoricians, metaphor is more eloquent than other expressive tricks and techniques such as simile and metaphor.Because in metaphor, simile is forgotten and is claimed to be vihicle same tenor. European speakers have considered it the queen of virtual similes and the main form of permission. Exaggeration in simile and illustration and creating an important purpose of any metaphor.Thus metaphor is at the highest level of rhetoric.In the present article, which is provided by a descriptive-analytical method, a corner of the functions of metaphor in explaining and depicting the resurrection and its circumstances was shown.This article seeks to answer the question of whether metaphor is useful in explaining the verses related to the resurrection.Based on the findings of this study,the God has used metaphor for purposes such as visualization in order to guide human and to better explain and influence the word on hearts.Among these, the use of submerged metaphor and allegory is more.

Metaphors conceptualizing anger represent a system which is based on the cognitive cultural model of this emotion. Since this model derives from the physiological effects and the behavioral reactions associated with anger, it may be used as a criterion to compare and contrast the conceptualization of this emotion in different contexts. This article analyzes the metaphorical expressions of anger in the Qur’anic verses and the traditions of the Holy Prophet and his rightful successors to determine to what extent they follow the aforementioned model offered by Kovecses. In doing so, a corpus of 200 verses and traditions were collected from different Islamic sources and then they were grouped according to seven source domains identified by Kovecses. The findings of the study reveal that except for one source domain, i.e. burden, the other seven source domains exhibit a high frequency in the above-mentioned verses and traditions; this, in turn, is indicative of the fact that there is a systematic conceptual motivation underlying the structures of the metaphorical expressions in these verses and traditions so that it can be claimed that such expressions follow a well-established scientific pattern.

This study was an endeavor to explore the main sources of EFL learners' writing problems through dialogic interactions. It also investigated the effect of metaphor and metonymy on EFL learners' writing achievement. To achieve this end, the researcher adopted mixed-method research with a sample of intermediate language students from both genders. In the qualitative section, 20 EFL learners were selected through purposive sampling, and in the quantitative section, 120 language students were selected through convenience sampling from a university in Gorgan. Data were gathered through Quick Oxford Placement Test (OPT), writing tests, and a semi-structured interview. After recording and transcribing the interviews, the transcripts of the interviews were formatted using the software NVIVO 11 Pro®. With the help of this software, the textual data were reduced into some statements which could reflect the main ideas of the participants’ lived experiences without any intervention from the researcher. However, the data of the tests were inserted into SPSS software and the ANCOVA test was run to indicate differences between the three groups in terms of their writing improvement. The main results suggested that metaphor and metonymy through dialogic interactions had significant effects on the participations’ writing achievement. As well as that, findings from the analysis of data revealed the four main sources of writing problems as linguistic, personal, epistemological, and ecological.       

In recent years, ecological metaphors have gained popularity in the field of innovation. Such excessive preoccupation of researchers with common ecological metaphors, such as ecosystems, and a lack of due attention to the development of other ecological principles, challenges the systematic conceptual framework of the field. This raises the metaphorical concept of a "boundary object," which could hinder the connection between theoretical discussions on innovation ecosystems and their practical applications and policy development. Therefore, there is a need for an evidence-based approach to define and map the innovation ecosystem metaphorically. The concepts deployed would form a part of the conceptual network of the innovation ecosystem. As part of an effort to implement evidence-based practice in the field of innovation ecosystems, this study employs Scaringella's and Radziwon's (2019) systematic review framework and the comparative-qualitative content analysis method. The analysis is based on a structured matrix that is rooted in metaphor mapping. Upon analyzing the content of the selected articles, the ecological metaphors grounded in innovation ecosystems can be classified into two general categories: metaphors related to actors (species, population, and community) and metaphors related to the environment (landscape, biome, and ecotone). The developed framework serves as a tool for innovation policymakers, enabling them to make informed decisions by gaining a comprehensive understanding of the seven hierarchical metaphorical layers within innovation ecosystems. Consequently, policymakers should not restrict their governance to the suggestions offered by the prevailing literature on ecosystems. Instead, they should also give equal attention to the various dimensions of innovation ecosystems, including actors, the environment, and the relationships between them, from an ecological perspective.

Recreation (creativity) is undoubtedly one of the important designing bases and a durable, matchless and unique factor which determines distinction, excellence, and elegance of a building in comparison with other buildings; and architecture as one of the manifestations of human life in a special time and place can be a reflection of thoughts, ideas and living method and also represent identity in shape of thought and creativity which is known as creator of architecture work from viewpoint of architecture. Firstly reflection of architect’s character in architecture work, then cultural concept of the work and its belonging to a specific social and ideological movement and besides talent and creativity of the artist, the cultural and artistic movements affect drastically on the result of architect’s act who is creator of the art work in form of an architecture event. Therefore it can be mentioned that variables of the present research are nominal and qualitative; the dependent variables are also of the same type. The effects of economic, political, social and cultural movements can also be mentioned which are expressed in form of concepts such as tangible and intangible strategies. The present paper attempted to analyze metaphors used in the major building of Behsharh Industrial Group, which is an objective evidence of Nader Ardalan’s work. The analysis was done in a historical-interpretation method and in qualitative form.

Metaphor, as a conceptual and cognitive tool, plays an important role in language learning and teaching. It was once thought to be a stylistic problem, but now it is recognized as an essential part of both ordinary and specialist language and, more significantly, as a basic process of how people conceptualize the world. The use of metaphor in language, thought and communication has been examined in second language (L2) learning. The present paper examines roles of using metaphor in language learning and teaching. First and for most, this paper aims at shedding light on a new facet of Gardner’s (1983) multiple intelligence that is metaphoric intelligence. Second, it focuses on the overall history of its utilization in language learning and teaching. Third, a plethora of strategies and activities for its implementation will be discussed in details. Last but not the least, some problems of its application and justification of its implementation will be touched upon.

This paper investigates the conceptual and cognitive motivations behind anger-related Hindi idioms. The study is based on 40 idiomatic expressions on anger curated from diverse sources, including websites, books, and native speakers’ intuition. The study employs the theoretical framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) for the analysis of these linguistic expressions. For the identification of conceptual metaphors, Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) by Pragglejaz Group (2007) was employed After analysis, nine conceptual metaphors and an equal number of conceptual metonymies were found in the chosen idiomatic expressions. Conceptual metaphors such as “ANGER IS FLUID,” “ANGER IS A WILD ANIMAL,” and “ANGER IS A STORM,” as well as conceptual metonymies like “REDDENING OF THE FACE” and “GNASHING OF TEETH,” were identified, among others. The findings reveal that there is a coherent conceptual organization underlying these idioms, predominantly characterized by conceptual metaphor and metonymy. The study can give us insight into the cultural conceptualisation of anger expressions in Hindi which can contribute the broader landscape of emotion research from Cognitive linguistic point of view and also in teaching-learning of Hindi idioms.