درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

De nos jours, les droits des animaux et la préservation des différentes espèces animales font partie des questions qui retiennent l'attention des gouvernements, des organisations et de tous ceux qui s'intéressent aux questions environnementales et à la protection des animaux à travers le monde. En Islam également, les questions relatives à l'environnement et notamment aux animaux ont fait l’objet de débats, en plus des problématiques liées aux droits humains. Dans les sources juridiques islamiques, en s'appuyant sur de nombreux versets coraniques et récits prophétiques, divers droits ont été énoncés concernant les animaux, obligeant les musulmans à les respecter, et la responsabilité civile de la protection des animaux a été affirmée. La protection des droits des animaux n'incombe pas seulement à leur propriétaire, mais engage la responsabilité de tous. Les textes juridiques islamiques vont même jusqu’à désigner explicitement le magistrat religieux responsable d'examiner les situations et d'intenter des actions en justice pour améliorer les conditions de vie des animaux dans certaines circonstances.

Despite the scientific and technological progress seen in the human world today, we are witnessing the disproportionate growth of violence in human society. It is, thus, necessary to talk about tolerance in such a time. The purpose of this study is to examine tolerance within the framework of Sadra's philosophy. The theoretical foundations of tolerance in Transcendent Theosophy will be explained in four categories: epistemology, methodology, ontology, and anthropology. Though Sadra has been influenced by Aristotelian virtue ethics, he takes a step forward and analyzes tolerance from an ontological point of view, understanding it not as a merely moral virtue but as an ontological-existential perfection towards Godlikeness "ὁμοίωσις θεῷ" [homoiōsis theō] which is the very essence of wisdom. Tolerance and violence in Sadra’s philosophy constitute two pyramid-like structures reciprocally. The pyramid of tolerance has reason and justice at its pinnacle while on the top of the pyramid of violence lie ignorance and injustice. Thus, pro-tolerance behavior is resulted from a rational mindset and pro-violence behavior has its origin in ignorance and idiocy. Outcomes of tolerance are the increase of wisdom, social dignity, and influence on people while stagnation, social humility, and isolation result from violence. It is needless to say neither tolerance is always applauded nor violence is always despised. This is why one can speak of the wrath of God and His saints in a meaningful way. Rather it is because of the conditions and their relation with reason and ignorance that we can reach a judgment in this regard. The study is concluded by a reality-based account of Sadra's treatment of his opponents which is followed by an elaboration of his tolerance-centered approach.