درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been dragged into political and legal fields in parallel with the battlefield, and the international community, including Iran, has been subsequently drawn into the situation. The controversial debates concerning Iran’s role in supplying Russia with armed drones prior to and during Russia’s Military Operations in Ukraine raise the question of Iran's international responsibility in the ongoing war. The provision of armed drones to Russia does not, in itself, constitute a violation of international law unless Iran knowingly and intentionally engaged in an internationally wrongful act. Evidence is not conclusive so far whether Iran's transfer of armed drones to Russia is a breach of international law. Besides, the use of the drones yielded military advantages to both sides: Russia could narrow down the impact of its attacks, respecting the principle of distinction, while Ukraine could target Iranian drones more easily than Russia’s missiles, which is compatible with Iran’s positive obligations under International Humanitarian Law (IHL).

As a major maritime power strategically situated along critical waterways, analyzing the intersections between Iran's blue economy goals, evolving maritime policies and sophisticated global diplomatic engagements is pivotal. This study utilizes qualitative techniques and international relations theories to conduct an in-depth investigation into Iran's strategic calculus across these realms. The purpose is to unravel the complex balancing of pragmatic interests, constraints, and selective cooperation opportunities shaping Iran's maritime maneuvering. Extensive document analysis and illustrative case studies are systematically employed to comprehensively analyze Iran's sector-specific strategies, stances on maritime laws and regimes, key international collaborations. The findings reveal that while developmental aspirations in priority blue economy sectors dominate Iran's interests, it faces multifaceted constraints from sanctions, disputes and domestic limitations which require nuanced navigation. Opportunities to expand regional influence through strategic alignments exist but necessitate enhanced dispute resolution, diplomatic creativity and sustainable regional collaboration to fully materialize mutual gains. Overall, the study provides seminal insights into Iran's maritime positioning, highlighting the overarching importance of adaptability, vision, and cooperation despite geopolitical tensions in advancing shared governance of vital waterways and collective maritime interests.

The present study aims to design and explain a university autonomy-oriented organization model using a mixed approach. In the qualitative section of the research, the statistical population consisted of scientific and organizational experts from Payam Noor University. So, 16 experts were selected for interviews using targeted snowball sampling. Moreover, in the quantitative section of the study, 245 people were selected out of 675 professors and staff, who formed the statistical population based on the sample size determined by Krejcie and Morgan table using random sampling. This study made use of semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire as instruments of data collection in qualitative and quantitative sections, respectively. The qualitative data were analyzed through the thematic analysis technique using Maxqda10 software, while the quantitative data were analyzed using PLS3. Content and face validity were assessed, as well as the intercoder reliability. The results identified a total of 4 dimensions and 8 components for a university autonomy-oriented organization. The identified dimensions include organizational autonomy, personnel autonomy, financial autonomy, and academic autonomy. Also, the components consisting of supportive policy, clear policy perspective, organizational values, success trend analysis, financing, financial management, organizational communications, and sustainable thinking were approved by the software.