درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study attempted to explore to what extent each of the three techniques of culture narratives, culture capsules and culture training activities significantly affect the critical cultural awareness of Iranian EFL learners by comparing their means from pretest to post-test questionnaire after ten-session treatment. Furthermore, it investigated whether there are any differences in the effectiveness of these techniques. Regarding the participants, the testing group was 154 undergraduate English language translation students, including both male and female students, forming three experimental groups. This investigation used the quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design. The sampling method was convenience sampling. The homogeneity test and a pre-post critical cultural awareness questionnaire were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through Repeated Measures ANOVA and Simple Effect Analysis. Based on the obtained results, there were significant differences between the pretest and the post-test, which means that by applying the techniques mentioned above, the critical cultural awareness of learners increased. Also, there were significant differences between the three groups’ overall means on pre-post critical cultural awareness questionnaires. Considering the three groups, culture narratives, culture capsule and culture training activities, the former outperforms the others. Furthermore, between culture training activities and culture capsule groups, the culture training activities group performed better than the culture capsule group.

Purpose: The present study aimed to describe the elements of the preschool curriculum with a problem-solving approach from the perspective of curriculum planning specialists and educational psychologists.  Methodology: This study was a qualitative study conducted in Tehran. The population consisted of curriculum specialists (n=200) and educational psychologists (n=238) who were selected using the purposive snowball sampling method, and 24 subjects were studied until reaching theoretical saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. To analyze and interpret the data, the method of thematic analysis through coding was used. Findings: The findings indicated that from the perspective of curriculum planning specialists and educational psychologists, a problem-solving curriculum for preschoolers includes goals (cognitive, attitudinal, functional), content (organization, presentation methods), teaching methods (traditional methods, attention to learner's age, instructor's characteristics, and active methods), learning activities (individual, group), instructional materials (features and types of resources), space (physical characteristics of facilities), time (duration, attention to the child's preparedness and age), grouping (attention to responsibility, respect for others, attention to ethics considerations, attention to group homogeneity, nature of the problem, group heterogeneity, number of group members, gender, age, personal differences), and evaluation (of the program based on personal, procedural, quantitative, and descriptive differences).  Conclusion: Given the importance of the Comments, it can be continuously applied to and formulated for the preschool level to raise problem-solving skills in children and foster their abilities to understand and reflect on life in the future society.

Purpose: Regarded to the importance of professors' effectiveness, the purpose of this study was structural modeling of the impact of entrepreneurial thinking and professional commitment on professors' effectiveness with the mediating role of satisfaction from organizational climate among professors of Islamic Azad University of Urmia Branch. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was cross-sectional from type of quantitative. The research population was the professors of the Islamic Azad University of Urmia Branch in the 2020-21 academic years, which based on the Cochran's formula the sample size was estimated 227 people who were selected by stratified random sampling method according to different colleges. The research instruments of the present study were the Questionnaires of entrepreneurial thinking (Scarborough & Zimmerer, 1990), professional commitment (Allen & Meyer, 1990), professors' effectiveness (Salimi & Ramezani, 2014) and satisfaction from organizational climate (Bontis, 1998). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling in SPSS-21 and SmartPLS-2 software. Findings: The results showed that entrepreneurial thinking and professional commitment had a positive and direct effect on satisfaction from organizational climate and professors' effectiveness and satisfaction from organizational climate had a positive and direct effect on professors' effectiveness. Also, entrepreneurial thinking and professional commitment had a positive and indirect effect on the professors' effectiveness with the mediating role of satisfaction from organizational climate (P<0.01). Conclusion: According to the results of this research, to improve the professors' effectiveness can be used by promoting entrepreneurial thinking, professional commitment and satisfaction from organizational climate.

The present study explained the role and responsibility of parents and schools in the sexual education of children through library studies and qualitative-descriptive research methods in this field. Child sexual education requires parents to know when, what and how to pass it on to their child. Some parents think that it is better to keep the child away from any sexual issues so that sexual thoughts do not develop in their minds, but sexual questions inevitably arise in the minds of children and the ignorance of parents and their inability to answer some questions of children cause children to get confused about sexual issues. Therefore, the most important issue for them is to grow up in a safe environment physically, mentally and emotionally. In the meantime, due to the prevalence of abnormalities and widespread factors that make sexual deviations more and more widespread, it is the suitable implementation of sexual education methods that requires children to be raised in a healthy environment based on religious supervision and education. Employing such methods also guide their sexual instincts in the right direction, and protect them from all kinds of abnormalities such as masturbation, thirst, oral and verbal sexual abuse, prostitution and pornography that lead to sexual perversion and harm.