درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The purpose of this research was to identify and rank the factors influencing the design of the native model for assessing the effectiveness of the advertisement. Firstly, according to the research literature, the criteria and sub-criteria influencing the effectiveness of advertising have been extracted, then the Delphi triple stages were used that the panel included 20 professors and marketing experts and 30 experts from the banking industry as well as clients It is used to extract the final indexes. Then, using the Fuzzy AHP method, the ranking of the criteria is considered. The extracted criteria are: demographic characteristics, individual feelings and attitudes of the audience, apparent features of the message, message content, market characteristics, cultural, economic, design and nature of the service, advertising methods. The results of the ranking of the results showed that the methods of advertisement, the design and nature of the service, the apparent features of the message, the emotions and attitudes of the audience, the demographic characteristics, the content of the message, the economic, market characteristics, cultural, respectively ranked first to ninth dedicated.

The current research sets out to identify and scrutinize the impact of the CEO’s perceptual biases in judgment and economic decision-making on the reporting quality of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Adopting a mixed method, the present study first seeks to detect the components and indices of CEO’s perceptual biases via critical appraisal and with the special participation of 10 accounting experts. Afterwards, the rec-ognized indices are set to undergo a Delphi analysis given the mean and the coefficient of agreement. The verified indices are then adapted to the ac-counting models and analyzed in the form of research hypotheses. The re-sults of qualitative analysis using Delphi method verify the reliability of 16 indices out of 22 ones. Regarding the quantitative analysis, the association between the indices of the CEO’s perceptual biases in judgment and econom-ic decision-making, and the primary proxies of financial reporting, namely reliability and competitiveness is tested. The findings reveal that the indices of the CEO’s perceptual biases in judgment and economic decision-making exert a significantly negative effect on financial reporting reliability and competitiveness.

Purpose - The present study aims to examine the challenges and opportunities for local stakeholders' empowerment related to rural planning in Iran. In general, the current approach of planning process from making decision to implementation and monitoring is based on instrumental rationalism approach, irrespective of the villagers’ viewpoints. Urban – Rural divided planning has created some challenges for sustainable rural development and opportunities for improving environmental-ecological and socio-economic indicators, which have been ignored . Design/Methodology/Approach- Less attention has been paid to local stakeholders' empowerment in planning methods and procedures, which is regarded as an obstacle for the promotion of the indicators related to sustainable rural development. The present study was based on a descriptive – analytical method. Correlation test and multivariate regression were used to provide a meaningful framework. Library and field studies were used for data collection. Library method was used to understand the impact of policy implementation and planning approach on the socio-economic empowerment of local stakeholders for their socio-economic participation in sustainable rural development and the study of previous research experiences and other countries on appropriate planning. The statistical population of the study is 124 villages in south and southeast of Tehran. Random sample size for completing the questionnaire of local authorities at village level, using Cochran formula and its adjustment formula for small statistical population, with 95% confidence level and probability of 0.05 and prediction of variance S2 0.25 = sample size of 54 villages was achieved. In these 54 villages, 450 questionnaires were completed according to size by specifying sample size in each village .The validity of the research questionnaire was conducted by experts in organizations. The reliability of the questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha was 0.801. Findings- The results indicated that local stakeholder's generative empowerment is important although unproductive empowerment is increasingly overcoming. In addition, the possible effects of this process have been identified. Thus, problem-oriented planning is necessary for formulating a community-based approach optimally and strengthening social capital, which is not based on current instrumental rationalism approach. Thus, for the best planning with a community-based approach and the reinforcement of social capital, the group to convene is needed in the process and problem-oriented planning is important. This is inconsistent with the techno centrism rationalism approach.