درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Introduction: Of particular global concern is the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. All Persian versions of COVID-19 measures assess the intrapsychic aspects of it, and there is a crucial need to measure the intergroup aspects of this pandemic. Aim: The current study aims to validate the Persian version of COVID-19 attitudes and behaviors in the Iranian sample. Method: The participants included 250 people from all over Iran in cyberspace who were selected availability (177 men and 73 women). They voluntarily participated in the study by filling out questionnaires that were made available through Google Forms and then disseminated online. Results: The ACAB scale had satisfactory reliability and validity according to content, face, and construct validity tests except for the first subscale (social distancing adjustment). Consequently, confirmatory factor analysis supported the ACAB with 12-item and three subscales. Therefore, three subscales remained, including self-prioritization, prosocial behaviors, and belief in conspiracies, and social distancing adjustment was eliminated because the factor loading values of its items were less than 0.4. Conclusion: Results indicated that the ACAB is a reliable and helpful tool in research, especially for governmental surveys to understand why people do not cooperate in vaccination or prosocial behaviors.

Aim: Man is a social being who needs to communicate with others. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the challenges of verbal skills among high school students in Yazd. Method: The research approach was "qualitative" and the method was "Grounded theory". The target group in the study included the teachers of Persian language, literature, psychology and educational sciences in Yazd who were selected by theoretical sampling. The research instrument was "semi-structured in-depth interview". Theoretical saturation was obtained and the interviews were conducted on up to 12 cases. Data were analyzed by coding and categorization in three levels of open, axial and selective coding. Results: The results showed that "Core Category" included verbal skills. "Causal conditions" included practice and activity, enrichment of the environment and psychological characteristics of the students. "Strategies" included effective communication and prevention of misunderstandings, social activities. "Environmental conditions" included socio-cultural, economic, planning and policy and technology environment, and "context" including facilities, incentives, dialect. Consequences included personal and academic success, social success, and student career success. Discussion: The results indicated that practice and activity, enrichment of the environment and psychological characteristics of the students causes verbal skills. In the face of these conditions students will have more effective communication and social activities and less misunderstandings. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we can expect consequences such as personal, academic, social and career success by overcoming the challenges of verbal skills.

The purpose of this research was to explain critical thinking in electronic education. The qualitative research aimed at analyzing the importance of critical thinking skills in improving students' virtual education learning with a descriptive-interpretive approach sought answers to the following 2 questions: 1- How do students describe their learning experiences with critical thinking in virtual education? 2- What changes has the critical thinking skill made in learning the virtual education of students? The data collection tool was an open-ended interview, with 12 of the 98 incoming student teachers, with targeted sampling and the research location of the Faculty of Teacher Education, Farhangian University of Ardabil, who had studied with virtual education. Analysis of the findings after implementing the experiences and interviews of the students and the components obtained from the open and central and selective coding with 6 components (self-knowledge - spirituality - media literacy - receptivity to criticism and criticism - pluralism - cognition and metacognition) It led to the conclusion of the following 3 themes according to the elements of the national curriculum and the goals of education as follows: 1- Communication with oneself 2- Communication with God 3- Communication with creation It could be used in educational systems and the positive and negative consequences in learning and education in order to be successful in learning, and it is necessary that the virtual learner is not limited to education, but must be a critical thinker or acquire educational skills and abilities during his education.

Objective: The level of marital satisfaction of couples, along with other factors, can play a key role in their tendency towards divorce, so it is necessary to perform psychological interventions to increase marital satisfaction and prevent divorce. Based on this, the present research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the marital life enrichment program based on the enrich model and the time model on marital satisfaction in couples applying for divorce. Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test with a control group and a 3-month follow-up. The statistical population included couples applying for divorce who came from the Modares Family Counseling Center in the first six months of 2022 in Tehran city. 45 couples were selected by the purposeful sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental groups and one control group (15 couples in each group). The measurement tool included Enriching and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communicating and Happiness by Fowers and Olson, 2000. For data analysis, mixed variance analysis with repeated measurements and Bonferroni follow-up test were used in SPSS-25 software. Results: The findings showed that the intervention based on the Enrich and Time model was effective in increasing couples' marital satisfaction, but this influence was not lasting. In addition, the results show no significant difference between the characteristics of Enrich and Time models on the marital satisfaction of couples. Conclusion: According to the research results, it is suggested that couples and family counselors and psychologists use Enrich and Time to increase the satisfaction of couples with differences.