Iran

It is widely accepted that drugs are one of the most important components of health care, and their prompt access has become one of the most important goals of health care systems around the world, as well as one of the main concerns of governments. The purpose of this study was to Investigating and Explaining Factors Affecting on Iranian Pharmaceutical Distribution Industry Using Fuzzy Delphi Technique. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of the study is made up of 35 experts in Iran's Pharmaceutical distribution industry who were selected by snowball sampling. First, with a deep review of the research literature and based on the content analysis, 41 factors affecting the pharmaceutical distribution industry were identified. To screen and ensure the importance of the identified factors and select the final factors through the design of a Researcher-made questionnaire and the fuzzy Delphi method was used in two stages. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was used to calculate the agreement of the experts. According to the nature of this research, fuzzy Delphi method and Excel and SPSS software were used to analyze the collected data. Based on the obtained results, the members of the Expert Panel found a total of 49 factors effective on the pharmaceutical distribution industry, of which 41 factors have been mentioned in previous researches and studies, and 8 other factors have been introduced by the panel members

Oil became one of the pillars of Iran's economy from the beginning of the 14th century AH, and its traces can be seen in all political, economic and social developments since then. Iran's economy is affected by oil and its revenues through various mechanisms. The problem of this research is to analyze one of the dimensions of the effect of oil on Iran's political economy, that is, the government's economic policies between 2013 and 2021. The purpose of the research is to identify the effects of oil on the government's policies and to provide the basis for reducing the negative effects. The descriptive-analytical research method and the method of data collection will be library studies and official statistics. According to research data, domestic and international developments have caused fluctuations in oil production, price, and income, and these fluctuations are caused by certain economic policies such as financial indiscipline, inflationary programs, and relative neglect of the tax system. And it has resulted in an increase in the Gini coefficient. These policies lead to the occurrence of some economic-social phenomena and the fluctuation of economic indicators, such as the failure to achieve the goals of development plans, rising inflation rates, increasing or decreasing the class gap, creating employment in a limited way and ultimately disequilibrium. Industry, agriculture and service sectors have grown. Although in some cases, such as job creation, oil income has had positive consequences, but mainly the consequences of oil income fluctuations have been negative and hindered economic progress.

The present study aimed to identify the factors influencing the implementation of sustainable development policies, with a specific focus on small wins in Iran. This applied and descriptive-survey study utilized a qualitative approach and employed the grounded theory method. Data collection involved interviews and the codification was conducted using the emerging (Glaserian) grounded-theory classical approach. the interview questions were meticulously developed based on a comprehensive review of the literature, and the collected data were coded using Strauss and Corbin’s (1998) paradigm model. The research population comprised specialists and experts who held influential roles in policy implementation, and they were selected using purposive and theoretical sampling. The sampling process continued until the data were theoretically saturated, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. the results of the study revealed the significant impact of various factors on the implementation of sustainable development policies. Notably, in line with the new concept of small wins and the principles of sustainable development, the study identified 36 indicators, which were categorized into drivers and inhibitors. Each main indicator encompassed six economic, social, cultural, strategic, environmental, and organizational factors, along with 18 sub-indicators. These findings underscore the importance of considering these indicators for formulating sustainable development policies and goals, particularly for developing countries like Iran, in order to achieve sustainable development on a global scale.

Antiquarianism is one of the significant elements of Iranian nationalism that emerged through archaeological research and exploration by Iranian scholars and Western archaeologists in the realm of Iran's history and culture. It provided a fresh definition of Iranian history and identity, playing a crucial role in the construction of modern Iranian nationhood during the era of Reza Shah. Nationalist antiquarianism had a lasting impact on cultural, literary, and even political aspects, transforming the understanding of Iranian history and identity. As an intellectual and cultural movement, antiquarianism aimed to uncover the unknown aspects of Iran and its people beyond recorded history. Its purpose was to revitalize the material and spiritual culture of the historical Iranian nation, turning it into a source of pride and a foundation for constructing a new government-nation with a rich historical civilization. In this context, Reza Shah leveraged the Iranian antiquarian movement to construct a modern Iranian government-nation, utilizing the deep-rootedness of the monarchy system in pre-Islamic Iranian history as a legitimate link, presenting it as a legitimate pole against the backdrop of Islamic Iranian history. This research seeks to answer the question of the function of antiquarianism in the development of Iranian nationalism during the reign of Reza Shah, employing a descriptive-analytical method. It explores the coordinates of Iranian nationalist antiquarianism and investigates why Iranian nationalists conceptualized antiquarianism as the foundation of the Iranian nationalist movement.

The art of glassmaking in Iran, with a glorious historical background, visual richness and unparalleled beauty reached its peak of prosperity in different historical periods. Safavid and the Qajar era are among the brilliant periods of Iranian art, which in many fields, was the continuation of the Timurid golden age. These works include the most outstanding examples of court objects, they include the most mundane objects and household utensils produced in workshops, which in each of these two groups, depending on the social class of their patrons and creators, have unique features. One of the unique glassmaking in that era was the production of scent-bottle. The root of the word "perfume" is derived from the Latin word "perfume" and means "passing smell". Scent-Bottles were containers that kept all kinds of perfumes (oily liquid, perfumes, and even pharmaceuticals) in it. Iran is one of the most important centers for the production of glass perfume bottles; however, no research has been done in this field. In this research, while taking a brief look at the historical background of glass production and its manufacturing technique, the form and motifs of Iran's glass perfume bottles have been examined and their manufacturing technique, shape, size and decorative motifs have been studied. The research method is historical-analytical and the purpose is to examine the differences and similarities of perfume bottles in different historical periods, and finally the results proved that there are fundamental differences between perfume bottles through different historical periods in Iran.

Studying the elemental composition of coins does not only provide chemical information of the legal tender but provides insight into the manufacturing process, history, and economic state of the country during the minting year of the coins. The elemental composition of some Sassaian coins spanning from the years 582 to 591 AD have been analyzed using PIXE at the Bubansor physical lab of India and metallic the elements Ca, Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, and Pb were observed. The result The study of elemental composition of silver coins in Iran under the Sassanian period can help to explain the locations and identification of coins' mines. By determining not only major but also minor and trace element concentrations, the coin's compositions were used to deduce information both on the economic conditions under the different reigns. The aim of this work is to study the chemical composition of some Hormizd IV coins to show the economic situation and find any relation between the mines used for the extraction of silver and the actual silver coins minted at that time. Using the PIXE technique, the show that Hormizd IV king used almost Cerussite mines for their coins and are brought to light valuable information about the economy of the time.

In the 5th and 6th centuries A.H., glassmaking in the Islamic era reached its peak of growth and prosperity in Islamic lands and was accompanied by innovations in the field of construction and decoration, which became the inspiration for glassmaking in the world after this period. This article aims to introduce and categorize innovations in the methods of producing and decorating glass products from the fifth and sixth centuries of Hijra. This research is descriptive-analytical with a library method. The results show in the 5th and 6th centuries of Hijri, Islamic glassmaking underwent significant transformation and innovation, evident in four key areas: color and raw materials, form and manufacturing methods, decorations, and applications. Islamic glassmaking in Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Egypt exhibited distinct technical features compared to the preceding era, which in Iran ceased with the Mongol invasion in the 7th century AH, subsequently shifting to the glassmaking centers of Iraq, Syria, and Egypt.

Mosques represent Islamic art and identity and have displayed themselves in each geographical region in a way compatible with the culture and identity of that society. The significance of this research lies in its meticulous examination of early mosques within two dis tinct cultural and societal contexts, Iran and China. By inves tigating these mosques' architectural, cultural, and spatial attributes, this s tudy sheds light on the divergent approaches of two communities facing the same religious, social, environmental, and cultural challenges during a comparable his torical period. Despite sharing the same religious foundation and featuring similar spatial arrangements within the mosques, the contras ting cultural affinities reveal the crucial need to comprehend and appreciate the dis tinctive qualities inherent to early mosques in these two dis tinct cultural spheres. This research endeavor is a pioneering exploration toward unraveling the complexities surrounding early mosques, thereby deepening our unders tanding of their his torical and cultural significance in disparate cultural contexts. The research methodology involves a comprehensive review of library sources, articles, and software analysis using Depthmap X. As a result, and mosques have been compared based on the four main dimensions of architecture: spatial, conceptual, and philosophical s tructural features. Iranian mosques demons trate a fusion of Saudi Arabian Islamic architecture and Iranian design, emphasizing entrance connectivity. Chinese mosques, on the other hand, blend Islamic elements with ancient Chinese architectural art, prioritizing courtyard connectivity and integrating environmental elements, resulting in a dis tinctly Asian flavor.

In recent years, the field of medicine in Iran has faced significant public scrutiny, influenced by two major health crises: the 2016 death of acclaimed filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami due to a medical error and the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines shifts in the emotional and discursive climate surrounding medicine and physicians on Persian Twitter before and after these events. Using relevant medical hashtags, over 131,000 tweets from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed through sentiment analysis, employing a rule-based approach with NVivo12 software. The findings reveal a sevenfold increase in tweets about medicine during Kiarostami’s death, accompanied by heightened negativity and associations of terms like "error," "negligence," and "mistake" with medicine which has resulted in the reconstruction of 'medical error.' Additionally, as a result of the association of the terms' error,' 'negligence,' and 'mistake' with 'medicine,' the obviousness of the physician's holiness and respect for medicine has deteriorated, and the association of the terms' value and credibility' with medicine has been de-naturalized. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the sentiment shifted positively, reflecting greater appreciation for the medical profession. This study highlights how public sentiment towards medicine changes in response to major health crises, emphasizing the interplay between public sphere and trust in healthcare systems. Understanding these dynamics can inform strategies to rebuild trust and address public concerns about medical practices.

In den Gedichten und der Prosa seines West-östlichen Diwan setzt Goethe interkulturelle Ausgewogenheit und Dialog auf eine Weise um, die den Leser (aller Zeiten) dazu zwingt, sich diese Ausgewogenheit und diesen Dialog mit „skeptischer Beweglichkeit“ anzueignen. Der Artikel zeigt dies anhand von fünf Beispielen: drei Gedichten, der außergewöhnlichen Titelseite der Erstausgabe des Divan (1819) und dem Hafis-Goethe-Denkmal in Weimar. Das letzte, mit Gedichten von Hafis und Goethe geschmückte Gebäude wurde im Jahr 2000 eingeweiht.

Interkulturelle Kommunikation war immer eine Gelegenheit, andere Gesellschaften kennenzulernen. Durch die enormen Fortschritte in den Kommunikationstechnologien wie dem Internet und den sozialen Medien ist diese Gelegenheit heute mehr denn je verfügbar, was auch bestimmten Personen und Organisationen die Möglichkeit gibt, diese Macht für ihre eigenen Ziele und Vorteile auszunutzen. Im Informationszeitalter und in einer Welt, in der die Menschen immer stärker miteinander verbunden sind, wie die Bewohner eines kleinen Dorfes, wird der Bedarf, die Menschen über diese Ziele zu informieren, stärker empfunden als je zuvor. Diese Situation und ihre Bedeutung waren ein Grund für eine Studie zur Geschichte der interkulturellen Kommunikation zwischen Iran und anderen Ländern, mit einem Fokus auf die Kommunikation zwischen Iran und Deutschland.

Mit dem Beginn der industriellen Revolution in England, diesem Landwurde die erste Industriemacht der Welt und die Industrialisierung beganndas wichtigste Anliegen der Regierungen. Nach England, Amerikaund Europa begannen ebenfalls ihre Maßnahmen in Richtung Industrialisierung underlangten bald ihren Erfolg und ihre Macht. Zur gleichen Zeit, Iran, unter derLand mit dieser Position, Industrialisierung ohne die Unterstützung einesEin mächtiger Verbündeter schien unmöglich. Die verfügbaren historischen Beweise undVereinbarungen zeigen, dass der Iran sich für Österreich und das Preußische Reich entschieden hatseine Ziele erreichen. Im Anschluss an den Treue- und Freundschaftsvertrag mit demDeutsche, Arbeitskampfmaßnahmen begannen mit Hilfe von Deutschen und Österreichernspezialisierte menschliche Kräfte. Deutsche Spezialisten drangen in den Iran und in die Industrie einUnternehmen nahmen ihre Tätigkeit auf. Neben ihnen könnten auch iranische Arbeiter davon profitierenwertvolle Gelegenheit, ihr Fachwissen zu erlernen und zu verbessern. Am meistenEin herausragendes Beispiel für diesen Nutzen war die „Iran and Germany School“.Ausgebildete Studierende im Bereich der technischen Wissenschaften und mit deutschen Lehrkräftenim Herzen von Teheran. Die iranisch-deutsche Schule mit dem heutigen NamenDie „Technische Schule Teheran“ hat ein langlebiges und wertvolles Erbe hinterlassenDeutschland an die Iraner.

Im Laufe ihrer modernen Geschichte waren Iraner gezwungen, verschiedene politische Ansätze in ihren Interaktionen mit westlichen Regierungen zu verfolgen, bedingt durch die militärische Präsenz und den politischen Einfluss der Kolonialmächte. Einer dieser wesentlichen und vorherrschenden Ansätze war die Annahme einer freundschaftlichen Politik und friedlicher Beziehungen. Diese Studie untersucht die Rolle des Pazifismus und des friedlichen politischen Verhaltens der Iraner gegenüber den wichtigsten westlichen Mächten. Dabei wird thematisiert, warum die Iraner trotz gewaltsamer Auseinandersetzungen mit dem Westen weiterhin freundschaftliche und friedliche Beziehungen pflegten. Die Betonung auf die Etablierung freundschaftlicher Beziehungen und die Annahme eines pazifistischen Ansatzes wurde sowohl theoretisch von Intellektuellen als auch praktisch von Staatsmännern und Politikern verfolgt. Die Forschungsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Iraner eine freundschaftliche Beziehung zum Westen anstrebten, um ihre territoriale Unabhängigkeit zu bewahren, politische Stabilität zu erreichen und zivile Fortschritte und Wohlstand zu fördern. Das Wissen und die Technologie des Westens wurden als unerlässlich für den industriellen und zivilen Fortschritt angesehen, und ein freundliches Verhalten des Westens war für die politische Stabilität innerhalb des Irans notwendig. Wirtschaftlich und militärisch war das Land nicht in der Lage, dem Westen entgegenzutreten, und jede Zwangsmaßnahme der iranischen Politiker führte zu einer noch aggressiveren Reaktion der westlichen Mächte.

Im ersten Teil dieses zweiteiligen Aufsatzes wurde Zarathustras Sonderstellung als erster Religionsstifter in den Fokus genommen. In diesem Aufsatz wird gezeigt, dass durch das Wirken von Zarathustra der Polytheismus abgelöst wurde zugunsten eines radikalen Monotheismus. Aus einer Ritualreligion wurde durch das Wirken von Zarathustra eine Buchreligion auf der Basis des Avesta. Im Zentrum dieser steht Ahuramazda, mit dem der Prophet und Religionsstifter durch Offenbarungen ein fast freundschaftliches Verhältnis pflegt. Darüber hinaus entwickelt Zarathustra eine neue Eschatologie mit der klaren Trennung von positiv besetztem Jenseits auf der einen und einer Höllenvorstellung auf der anderen Seite. Das menschliche Handeln im Diesseits ist die Grundlage dafür, wie über sein postmortales Schicksal im Jenseitsgericht befunden wird. Darüber hinaus werden im Aufsatz die Bedingungen in den Blick genommen, die einen solchen prononcierten Monotheismus erst ermöglichen sowie die Schattenseiten, die ein Monotheismus mit sich bringt. Zarathustra wird schließlich als der definiert, der – neben Echnaton im Alten Ägypten – erstmalig und völlig ohne fremden Einfluss diese monotheistische Spielart kreierte, die dann über das Judentum und Christentum sogar Eingang in den Islam fand.

Der Klimawandel ist ein globales Phänomen, das alle Aspekte des Lebens der Menschen welt weit beeinflusst, insbesondere in Entwicklungsländern, wobei viele indigene Völker unverhält nismäßig betroffen sind. Diese Forschung konzentriert sich darauf, wie lokale Gemeinschaften auf diese Veränderungen reagieren, indem sie durch ihre Handlungen Anpassungen vorneh men. Mit einem qualitativen Ansatz untersucht die Studie, wie Kultur und lokale Wahrneh mungen die Bewältigungsstrategien und Anpassungen an den Klimawandel in indigenen Ge meinschaften in zwei Dörfern im Osten Irans beeinflussen. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte durch eine Kombination von Schneeball- und gezielten Samplingmethoden. Insgesamt nahmen 47 Personen (35 Männer und 12 Frauen) aus den Dörfern sowie organisatorische und lokale Infor manten an 33 Einzelinterviews und vier Gruppeninterviews teil. Die Ergebnisse zeigten die Entstehung von zwei Subkulturen in den Dörfern, die durch Geographie und soziale Verbin dungen geprägt waren. Diese Subkulturen beeinflussten die Reaktionen der Dorfbewohner auf die durch den Klimawandel verursachte Wasserknappheit. In Nord-Baraan diversifizierten die Dorfbewohner ihre einkommensschaffenden Tätigkeiten, schützten Wasserressourcen und for derten einen Anteil an den Wasservorräten des Dorfes von den Regierungsbehörden. Im Ge gensatz dazu wählten die Bewohner von Süd-Baraan die Migration und gerieten in Konflikte mit ihren Nachbarn über Wasserquellen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die geogra fische Lage eines Dorfes und seine Kultur der gemeinschaftlichen Teilnahme eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Gestaltung von Strategien zur Minderung der Auswirkungen von Dürre und Kli mawandel spielen.

Regional trends strongly influence and are influenced by global power flows. For decades, international politics have been shaped and reshaped by a bipolar and, after the break down of the USSR, a unipolar world order. Both orders played a significant role in shaping and directing Middle Eastern politics. Yet the unipolar order is no longer at play. And since the global flow of power is ongoing, a new world order is being shaped in what seems to be a lengthy transitional period. This article focuses on the effects of the global transition of power in the Middle East and the region’s efforts and mechanisms to cope with it. I argue that the spill-over of international volatility into the Middle East creates a less stable regional politics, and that efforts for balancing are pursued by regional powers to increase their maneuverability as well as their coping capabilities in a volatile era by distancing their policies from global actors’ priorities and standoffs. The article is structured such that after an introduction, I delve into the meaning and nature of the global transition of power, which serves as the paper’s the conceptual framework. In the ensuing four sections, I discuss the imbalanced nature of regional politics as well as the way in which the region is interpreting and thereupon coping with the global change.

Considering that the greatest threat to Iran in the past 400 years has emerged from the geography of Iraq (from the time of the Ottoman rule and onwards), it must be noted that Iraq is one of Iran's most important neighbors. Therefore, continuous examination of the shaping factors in Iran-Iraq relations is crucial. Although the history of Iran-Iraq relations spans over a century, this article seeks to explore, utilizing a historical-comparative method and an analytical approach, the shaping factors of Iran-Iraq relations from 2003 to 2022. The argument presented in this article suggests that while Iran managed to expand its regional influence in the aftermath of the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime, and replaced the pattern of hostility and tension of the Ba'athist era with a pattern of interaction and cooperation, the element of cooperation and interaction in Iran-Iraq relations is gradually fading due to changes and developments at domestic, regional and international levels.

As a major maritime power strategically situated along critical waterways, analyzing the intersections between Iran's blue economy goals, evolving maritime policies and sophisticated global diplomatic engagements is pivotal. This study utilizes qualitative techniques and international relations theories to conduct an in-depth investigation into Iran's strategic calculus across these realms. The purpose is to unravel the complex balancing of pragmatic interests, constraints, and selective cooperation opportunities shaping Iran's maritime maneuvering. Extensive document analysis and illustrative case studies are systematically employed to comprehensively analyze Iran's sector-specific strategies, stances on maritime laws and regimes, key international collaborations. The findings reveal that while developmental aspirations in priority blue economy sectors dominate Iran's interests, it faces multifaceted constraints from sanctions, disputes and domestic limitations which require nuanced navigation. Opportunities to expand regional influence through strategic alignments exist but necessitate enhanced dispute resolution, diplomatic creativity and sustainable regional collaboration to fully materialize mutual gains. Overall, the study provides seminal insights into Iran's maritime positioning, highlighting the overarching importance of adaptability, vision, and cooperation despite geopolitical tensions in advancing shared governance of vital waterways and collective maritime interests.