مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه

China


۱.

Technology Spillovers of FDI in ASEAN Sourcing from Local and Abroad  (Text in Persian)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: International Economics Studies, Volume ۳۸, Issue ۱, Winter and Spring ۲۰۱۱

کلیدواژه‌ها: Human capital China FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) Technology Spillovers ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

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تعداد بازدید : ۸۱۹ تعداد دانلود : ۴۵۳
The effect of technology spillovers is widely considered as one of the main channels through which domestic firms benefit from FDI، and plays an important role in economic development of host countries. Based on the analysis framework for technology spillovers established by Borensztein et al. (1998)، this paper will analyse and try to figure out the development patterns of ASEAN by utilizing time-series data between 1990 and 2008 in ASEAN countries. The empirical results render a support to the existence of technology spillovers in ASEAN، which has a positive effect on the economic development of ASEAN. China’s FDI in ASEAN requires lower education threshold، also has positive effect on economy growth in six countries of ASEAN.
۲.

An Outlook on Energy Cooperation Approaches in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Region(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: ژئوپلیتیک زمستان ۱۳۹۱ شماره ۲۸

کلیدواژه‌ها: Energy China Regionalism Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Eurasia Russia Central Asia

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تعداد بازدید : ۱۴۱۸ تعداد دانلود : ۷۹۴
In twentieth century, especially during the Cold War era, the two ideas of Nationalism and Internationalism were the main competitor approaches in different schools of thought in the field of international studies. However, global integration between states and nations from economic, cultural, and communicational aspects has created a new magnificent world which is more integrated and the interests of political units are more incorporated. Based on this new world order, the major rival trends in the world arena are two recent dominant approaches of globalism and regionalism. The appearance of the successful regionalism regimes in Europe and also in the South East Asian region while they have tried to keep their correlations with the global trends, have prepared a suitable model for other regions to construct regional unities in a globalized framework. This paper aims to examine one of the most important issues in the SCO region - the exploration and transportation of energy - in the framework of regionalism and globalism approaches. Regarding to this matter, the outlook of the energy cooperation between the SCO countries and the position of the other powerful players in the region will be analyzed. The opportunities and challenges confronted with the producers and consumers of this strategic commodity to achieve energy security in this region also will be discussed
۳.

On the Status of Iran’s Oil Trade with China in Pre- Nuclear Deal(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: International Economics Studies, ۴۵, Issue ۲, Summer and Autumn ۲۰۱۵ 21 - 32

کلیدواژه‌ها: Iran China Oil Trade Sanctions Oil Export

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۶۸ تعداد دانلود : ۲۰۷
Energy has been the main pillar of the global growth and development. Amongst various sources of energy, oil has the largest share in the global energy consumption. As these energy reserves tend to decline, few regions, most notably the Middle East which has been at the forefront with the largest reserves, can fulfill the rising global energy demand. Even then, in view of its vast energy potential, this region has attracted the attention of the growing economies of the world. This paper intends to look at one of the significant producers in the Persian Gulf energy market, Iran, and its energy relations with the Asian giant, China, from the International Relations perspective. Having a wide variety of capacities, Iran-China relations in recent years has made special dynamics, so that in different fields, this relationship has been steadily expanding and deepening. One of the most important capacity building areas in Iran-China relations is energy. The area of energy certainly has played the most important role in the dynamics of these relationships. Potential opportunities of bilateral cooperation between Iran and China in the field of energy are wide, and in case of realization it can have positive consequences of the political and security. The aim of this paper is to cover the current oil trade situation between the two countries as well as the existing problems that are limiting the growth of this relation such as international sanctions and at the end some suggestions in order to enlarge the trade between the two countries. In conclusion, we can say that a massive capacity on the basis of "energy" in relations between Iran and China have emerged that can be used to promote economic relations between the two countries in the framework of a comprehensive strategy that benefits both countries and the region. This Capacity must be accompanied with "mutual desire” to take place. Especially noteworthy is that the existing capacities should not only be considered as "energy economy" and cooperation in the field of energy, but also should be seen as the overall framework of "security" and "Asian solidarity”.  JEL Classification:  F14,  F18
۴.

Review of “Internet Addiction among Cyberkids in China” by Qiaolei Jiang

نویسنده:
منبع: Cyberspace Studies,Volume ۴, Issue ۱, January ۲۰۲۰ 61 - 63

کلیدواژه‌ها: China cyber-psychology Internet Addiction social media treatment

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۷۴ تعداد دانلود : ۳۵۸
Internet Addiction Among Cyberkids in China: Risk Factors and Intervention Strategies by Qiaolei Jiang, 2019, Singapore: Springer, 199 pp., €84.99(h/c), ISBN 978-981-13-3791-8
۵.

The Relationship among Learning Strategy, Autonomy and Language Proficiency of Chinese EFL Learners

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۶, Issue ۲۳, Autumn ۲۰۱۸ 23 - 34

کلیدواژه‌ها: learning strategy language proficiency learner autonomy China EFL Learner

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۴۳ تعداد دانلود : ۲۵۵
This study attempted to investigate the relationship among learning strategy, autonomy and language proficiency of Chinese university EFL students. To achieve this objective, purposive sampling and cluster sampling methods were used to select 422 non-English major students as participants in three universities, Henan province, China. Oxford’s (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) and Xu’s (2004) Learner Autonomy Questionnaire (LAQ) were adopted to investigate the participants’ strategy use and learner autonomy, respectively. The participants’ language proficiency was measured by their CET-4 scores. Results of the Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there existed interrelationships among the three variables: learning strategy and learner autonomy were significantly and positively correlated with each other, and both of them had significant positive relationships with language proficiency. Multiple Regressions Analysis results suggested that learner autonomy could best predict the variance in language proficiency. Pedagogical suggestions are offered to English language teachers in assisting their students with regards to the improvement of language proficiency.
۷.

U.S. Strategy toward Africa and Trump's Rivalry Competition: A Neo-Classical Approach(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: World Sociopolitical Studies, Winter ۲۰۲۰, Volume ۴, Issue ۱ 177 - 212

کلیدواژه‌ها: Africa China Neo-classical realism Rivalry Russia Trump US Strategy

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تعداد بازدید : ۴۲۲ تعداد دانلود : ۲۸۱
This article illustrates the fact that the U.S. administration's behavior toward Africa has always been shaped by the conception of rivalries' presence, rather than the potentials of the continent. In recent years, with the emergence of America’s rivals, such as China and Russia in Africa in the continent, who have invested not only in the African economy, but also in its security and military sectors, the notion of rivalries' limitation has been exaggerated in U.S. decision making toward Africa. Using a neoclassical approach, by analyzing the dynamism of the U.S. foreign policies toward Africa and Trump's rivalry-based policies, this article concludes that Trumps' African policy has not been different from that of his predecessors, and that the U.S. has always adopted a neoclassical realism approach toward Africa, which has been invigorated by the presidency of Trump.
۸.

Analysis of China's role in the Persian Gulf with its Security view of the Country to the Region (after the Islamic Awakening)

نویسنده:
منبع: راهبرد سیاسی سال چهارم زمستان ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۱۵ 113 - 123

کلیدواژه‌ها: Persian Gulf region Islamic Awakening Foreign policy China Security

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۰۷ تعداد دانلود : ۲۲۹
    Islamic awakening is a movement, which has exploited the Muslim nations for many years to return Islam to the social and individual life of Muslims, and in contrast to the international domination system. The evolutions have left abundant effects, and have affected the foreign policy of some countries with political and economic relations with the Middle East countries, especially the Persian Gulf. This study has investigated the role of China in the Persian Gulf with the security view of the country to the region (after the Islamic awakening evolutions). The main question in this study is: what approach was taken by China in the Persian Gulf after the Islamic Awakening evolutions? The results of this study showed that the approach of China to the evolutions of the Persian Gulf and the Middle East has faced a security perspective. The geopolitical and economic interests of China in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf have formed the behaviors of the country against such evolutions. The most important dimension of the geopolitical interests of China can be preventing the regional order in the Persian Gulf from becoming hegemonic. Also, the most underlying dimension of economic interests has can be supplying energy security. According to these interests, China got an impartial position in the Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain, and Yemen crises. In the Libya crisis, China accompanied the International Community and played role in the Syria crisis in contrast to the West and Arab League. The behavior of China against the Islamic Awakening Evolutions was a gradual movement from the margins to the core of crises. China became a key activist in the later crises of the region.
۹.

Chinese Belt and Road Initiative and Regional Integration in the Middle East(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۹, Issue ۲۸- Serial Number ۲, October ۲۰۱۸ 139 - 160

کلیدواژه‌ها: Belt and Road Initiative China Integration Theory Competitions of Trans-Regional Powers

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۶۶
For many years, the influence of regional and trans-regional actors in the Middle East and their struggles to dominate the region has become one of the most important debates among international relations scholars. China is one of these emerging powers that has always been trying to compete with the United States by entering and dominating this strategic region. Accordingly, China has launched the Belt and Road Initiative as a step towards achieving this goal. Chinese experts repeatedly emphasized on the importance of the development of connecting infrastructures in the Middle East and their role in integrating the Middle East countries. Many of them believed that developing these infrastructures can deepen integration in this region. What is missing in many analyses in different think tanks, even in the Belt and Road news research centers, is the existence of many obstacles for the regional integration. Therefore, the basic aim of the study is to examine the impact of these infrastructures on the development of integration in the Middle East while considering various obstacles. In this regard, this piece of research work seeks to address this important question as to what are the main obstacles for the realization of Belt Road Initiative in the development of integration in Middle East? The hypothesis to answer the question is that conflicting cultural, ethnic and political values, religious and ethnic divisions, competition of member states, dominance of security discourse and rivalries of trans-regional powers, security dependence of member countries on trans-regional powers and most importantly the lack of complementary economies are among the most important obstacles to the realization of this economic project.
۱۰.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative Dominance or Development and American Response(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۱ - Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۰ 143 - 168

کلیدواژه‌ها: America China Belt and Road Initiative Negative positive

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۲۳ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۵
Chinas` ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has attracted the eye of the many economists worldwide. Many of these economists believe that the Belt and Road Initiative is part of China’s vision of a world where America will no longer be the dominant superpower. It is possible that this may be true. China has committed an outsized chunk of its resources towards this project. More than $1 trillion worth of investments are poured into projects which are directly or indirectly associated with the Belt and Road Initiative. the question is of what else the U.S should do if it’s serious about countering Chinese influence.? Will the developing world fall under China’s sway? whether the U.S should worry about the economic and political influence these projects may bring for China? This paper to both identify areas of common interest and possible cooperation, also as shed light on areas of disagreement that need further work.
۱۱.

Iran and the Global Transition of Power: Perspectives and Viewpoints(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۲, Issue ۳۳- Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۱ 217 - 236

کلیدواژه‌ها: Future Study China United States Iran Strategic Ambiguity World order

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۴۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۴۸
Iran, despite great geopolitical and geo-economics potential, faces many complex internal and external predicaments due to its independent foreign policy and lack of dependence on international powers. On one hand, the cooperation of other actors with the severe US sanctions against Iran also seems to be influenced by Iran's independent policy. On the other hand, the change in power relations has shown the signs of the emergence of new world order. In such a circumstance, some believe that Iran can enjoy greater security and enhance its international standing by shifting its orientation toward the new great power. Accordingly, the present study seeks to identify and explain the uncertainties affecting Iran`s orientation in the evolution of the international order. The hypothesis is that the drivers of the nuclear agreement or disagreement, the lifting of sanctions against Iran or Iran bypassing the sanctions on the one hand, and the existing critical uncertainties, the anti-Iranian policy of the United States, and the pessimism and mistrust between Iran and the United States, on the other hand, affect Iran's orientation in the changing conditions of the global order. The research aims to examine the conditions and tools of Iran in maintaining an independent and active foreign policy. The research method in this article is a combination of the analytical-explanatory retrospective method with a futuristic approach based on scenario building.
۱۲.

An Analysis of China's Military Diplomacy towards Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۲, Issue ۳۳- Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۱ 279 - 305

کلیدواژه‌ها: Military Relations Arms Cooperation Military Diplomacy China Iran

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تعداد بازدید : ۴۴۸ تعداد دانلود : ۲۲۷
The main goal of this article is to examine the evolutionary process of organizing and advancing China's military relations and arms diplomacy towards Iran. China is now recognized as the most prominent rising power of Asia-Pacific in the international balance of power. In this regard, the authors of the present study, using the formal statements of china`s officials and analyzing documents, have sought to answer this question “what factors affect the formulation and furtherance of China's arms cooperation with Iran”? The hypothesis put forward to answer this question by the present study suggests that “Analyzing China's approach towards military diplomacy and arms cooperation with Iran can be divided into three separate time frames; Since 1979 to 1990, through military cooperation with Iran and besides earning profits and overcoming technological underdevelopment, Beijing sought to contribute to a more balanced distribution of power in West Asia. Until 2012, China adjusted its military engagement with Iran due to the mounting importance of the US parameter in its foreign policy, but since Xi Jinping took office in 2013, China-which now sees itself as a major power-has pursued a more strategic approach towards military ties with Iran.
۱۳.

Sino-Russian Energy Relations: Dimensions and Prospects(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۵, Issue ۴, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 659 - 690

کلیدواژه‌ها: China energy policy Gas Oil Russia

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تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۲ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۶
Access and control of Energy has not only been historically instrumental in the sociopolitical and economic shaping of nations, but also central to the global world of politics, systems, and geopolitics. Energy resources of the Russian Federation have made the country more influential in world politics. Energy and geopolitical issues are especially important to modern People’s Republic of China as a tool for the country’s economic growth. Since the mid twentieth century, both countries have attempted to establish mutual energy cooperation as a key component of their strategic alliance based on producer-consumer needs and the Good Neighborly Treaty. Nonetheless, since the end of the cold war in the 1990s, the energy negotiations have been long and unproductive because both nations are on both sides of the energy market. For the Russian Federation, revenue from its oil and gas sector traditionally makes up a large portion of its budget. Thus, Russia is unwilling to make concessions and involve China in its major upstream energy projects. In the interim, China also seeks to diversify its oil and gas resources and imports for its own political dependency, growth, and to prevent countries from overreliance on one single source and market. Issues such as pricing and the provisions of agreements have made the energy relations between the two countries more complex than the relations between producers and consumers. Despite the two countries being neighbors, their relations have not been developed.
۱۴.

China and the Longing for Making Order; An Insight toward the Emergence and Reliability of the AIIB(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۵, Issue ۴, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 691 - 730

کلیدواژه‌ها: AIIB centrality China International Economic Order Inter-regionalism Systemic Evolution

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تعداد بازدید : ۱۲۲ تعداد دانلود : ۸۸
China is consolidating its position in the international system, taking advantage of a variety of channels in the process. The establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a historical step by China in the international economic order. The AIIB, as an international financial and development institution attempts to engage and participate in the economic infrastructures of the member states. The question addressed in this research is, How could China's approach in establishing the AIIB be analyzed with respect to new economic developments in the last two decades?  The hypothesis is that the AIIB is considered as a network structure for making a centrality in the economic order for China, which facilitates the systemic evolution in international arena. The AIIB is therefore considered as a strategic turning point in the international economic order. This study argues that China is attempting to elevate and consolidate its economic role among the regional countries to institutionalize its centrality. Accordingly, it seems that China aspires to promote changes in the international system through a complementary and distinguished evolution. Therefore, the reliability of the AIIB is vital for this openness phase, and China is keenly going to maintain and strengthen the AIIB for coming games and required strategic plans.
۱۵.

China-CEEC Cooperation and the EU Response from the Perspective of Regional Security Complex Theory(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۵, Issue ۴, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 731 - 769

کلیدواژه‌ها: Balkans Central and Eastern Europe China China-CEEC 17+1 Initiative EU policy regional security complex theory Securitization

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۳۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۹
The sun of China’s might has cast a dragon shadow over Europe. While China’s economic influence in the world has been largely discussed—either in terms of its immediate neighbors in Asia, or in its strained but complementary relations with the US—its European vision has been kept in the dark. Considering the increasing involvement of China in international relations, this paper seeks to answer the following research question: What does the Chinese engagement with Central and Eastern European Countries—such as the one under China-CEEC 17+1 initiative—entail for the European security? To answer the mentioned question, we hypothesize that the involvement of China in the region has negatively affected EU’s efforts to promote policy coherence and to form a common foreign and defense policy, and therefore, the EU has begun securitizing China to limit its influence in the region. Guided by these objectives, this study employs a qualitative research design using official EU and Chinese policy reports and statistics. Given the security dimension of China’s involvement in Europe, Buzan’s Regional Security Complex theory was adopted as the study’s conceptual framework. The research findings suggest that China (through China-CEEC cooperation) has enjoyed direct access to sensitive-security sectors, and differences over the direction of EU project have exacerbated the EU’s difficulty to mount a coherent response.
۱۶.

The Impact of China's Active Engagement with Neo-Taliban on the Security of China(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۵, Issue ۴, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 771 - 801

کلیدواژه‌ها: Afghanistan China foreign fighters Ibn Khaldun Social Theory Neo-Taliban

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۹۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۸
China is actively engaged in Afghanistan, especially with the Neo-Taliban, which indicates significant changes in China's foreign policy. The Chinese government invited the Neo-Taliban delegations several times and tried to expand their role in their country. The present study examines the impact of China's active engagement with the Neo-Taliban, using Ibn Khaldun's Social Theory and Discourse Analysis. Questioning the nature of the active engagement of China with Neo- Taliban, we hypothesized an increase in insecurity overflow from Afghanistan to China, as well as an increase in insecurity complications in Afghanistan against China’s interests. It became clear that the Neo-Taliban's increasing interaction with China was to the detriment of Taliban and ultimately China. The Doha Peace Agreement requested the control and restriction of foreign fighters residing in Afghanistan, which for the foreign fighters, including the Uighurs, were a reminder of the restrictions imposed on them before the fall of the Islamic Emirate. However, Mullah Omar did not openly engage with China. This will delegitimize the Afghan Neo-Taliban and ultimately create a disperse Neo-Taliban with a fragile legitimacy, whose fragility does not seem to collapse, but will not serve China's interests either.
۱۷.

Changes in the Balance of International Power in the Light of China's Artificial Intelligence(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: World Sociopolitical Studies, Volume ۵, Issue ۴, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 833 - 863

کلیدواژه‌ها: Artificial Intelligence Balance of power China Liberal Order Mearsheimer

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۹۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۷
Artificial Intelligence (AI), as a strategic technology, has provided a platform for international competition; ever since the development of the first AI strategy in 2017, to the final days of 2021, more than fifty countries drafted or declared their national strategy aiming at becoming one of the pioneering countries in this field. Although the United States is known as the current pioneering country in the field of AI, China has been able to lead in various areas related to AI, such as occupational opportunities, Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Blockchain, and G5, which, due to the historical significance of emerging technologies in changing the balance of power, present a clear image of what is to come at the international stage. Given the novelty of artificial intelligence in the balance of power, the author asks about the effect of China’s artificial intelligence on the international balance of power. The answer is the hypothesis that China tries to effectively interact with its leading private artificial intelligence companies and implement this technology in internal, economic, and military governance. Thus, China aims to raise its national power and challenge the American hegemony through hard internal balance, paving the way for a multipolar world order alongside other regional powers leading in artificial intelligence. This could lead to further instability in the international system. The research hypothesis was analyzed using the explanatory method and Mearsheimer's Balance of Power Theory, and the data collection method consisted of library research.
۱۹.

China's Reaction to External Threats from the Perspective of Foreign Policy and International Politics Theories(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: ژئوپلیتیک سال هجدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۶۸) 202 - 225

کلیدواژه‌ها: China The Level of Analysis Foreign Policy Analyses deterrence Decision Making

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۶۱ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۲
China’s increasing power as one of the most important revisionist powers has received different reactions from its neighbors and the dominant powers of the international system. In fact, China as a rising and revisionist power challenges the regional and hegemonic order. In such a situation, the deterrent actions exerted by the United States, as a hegemon of international system, seems to be natural. The present research is an attempt to study China’s reactions to foreign threats from the perspective of theories of International Politics and Foreign Policy Analysis. The paper enjoys a descriptive-analytical design with the application of the theory on the case. The data collection was made through the study of existing literature and virtual data. The findings of this study show that China's reaction to existing or potential threats can carry very different interpretations and analytical results from the perspective of different theoretical perspectives.
۲۰.

Sino-ASEAN Geopolitical Relations through International Student Mobility: Manifestations of Soft Power through Education(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: ژئوپلیتیک سال هجدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۶۸) 412 - 429

کلیدواژه‌ها: China ASEAN International Student Mobility Soft power Chinese Diplomacy

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تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۶ تعداد دانلود : ۸۱
China has become a competitive player in the global higher education landscape with a growing number of Chinese universities being part of the global rankings. With the significant improvement in the quality of some Chinese universities, education as a soft power was deployed by China toward ASEAN countries. This strategy was particularly evident in PRC Ministry of Education’s appeal to Chinese universities to serve the nation’s diplomatic strategies. This paper puts into perspective Sino-ASEAN people-to-people exchange and institutional linkages in the aspect of education. Overall, the article examines the intersections of soft power, geopolitics, and student mobility as situated in the Sino-ASEAN context. Through secondary data analysis, the trend of student mobility from ASEAN countries to China was traced. The results reveal that the ASEAN student outflows to China have been gradually increasing.  By strategically accepting more ASEAN students to Chinese universities, China assists in the development of ASEAN’s human resources and continues to be perceived as a partner in the region’s development.