Sassanian

Symbolic figures, in addition to decorative aspects, are indicator of culture, religion, art and political and social structures of a government and country in ancient times. During the Sassanid era, symbolic figures flourished further with the mixture of religion and polity and their examples can be seen in most of the remaining artworks from the same era that could found during archaeological excavations. Investigation of symbolic figures in the Sassanian rock reliefs and stucco is a necessity but unfortunately, has not been independently and elaborately addressed to this date. It is necessary to investigate this significant aspect using archaeological and historical evidence. This study, which is considered as a kind of fundamental research based on its objective and a historical one with respect to its nature and methodology, obviously indicate that the dominant symbolic figures in Sassanian rock reliefs and stucco have had religious origins.

From 224 to 651 AD, the Sasanian dynasty created one of the most powerful empires in the pre-Islamic Middle East. The dynasty ruled from the Euphrates to the Indus, holding a position of supremacy for more than four centuries and exerting a direct influence from Egypt to China via the Silk Road and maritime trade routes.  Seals and seals impressions are the most abundant class of cultural artifacts surviving from the Sassanian era. They are commonly found from West to Central Asia and even beyond, from Europe to Southeast Asia. The importance of their study is from two aspects, on one hand, they are as historical documents and on the other hand, they are valuable works of art and a way to understand the culture and civilization.  This study conducted in a descriptive-analytical method using written sources, tries to read four samples of the Sassanian’s seals of the National Museum of ancient Iran, which are part of the confiscated items collection. The purpose of this research is to read inscriptions and examine the roles of these seals.

Anahita, a prominent Zoroastrian goddess, has always had importance status and widely revered during the Sassanian period. In the present research, relying on the studies of Sassanian bas-reliefs and stuccos, an attempt has been made to study the role of this goddess in Sassanian art. The results of this research clearly indicate that Anahita, among the other Zoroastrian deities, has always had a valuable place in those eras because she was thought to offer wisdom to those who revered her. Personification and depiction of the goddess Anahita in human icons in Sassanian bas-reliefs and stuccos were an attempt by the Sassanian emperors to legitimize their rule.

Studying the elemental composition of coins does not only provide chemical information of the legal tender but provides insight into the manufacturing process, history, and economic state of the country during the minting year of the coins. The elemental composition of some Sassaian coins spanning from the years 582 to 591 AD have been analyzed using PIXE at the Bubansor physical lab of India and metallic the elements Ca, Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, and Pb were observed. The result The study of elemental composition of silver coins in Iran under the Sassanian period can help to explain the locations and identification of coins' mines. By determining not only major but also minor and trace element concentrations, the coin's compositions were used to deduce information both on the economic conditions under the different reigns. The aim of this work is to study the chemical composition of some Hormizd IV coins to show the economic situation and find any relation between the mines used for the extraction of silver and the actual silver coins minted at that time. Using the PIXE technique, the show that Hormizd IV king used almost Cerussite mines for their coins and are brought to light valuable information about the economy of the time.