مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه

Iran


۱۸۱.

Climatic Building Envelope Employed in Vernacular Residential Architecture in Golestan-Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Architecture and Urban Development, Volume ۶, Issue ۱ - Serial Number ۱۹, Winter ۲۰۱۶ 53 - 64

کلیدواژه‌ها: Vernacular Architecture Building envelope Environment microclimate Golestan Iran

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۸۶ تعداد دانلود : ۹۲
Climate is one of the many factors such as socio-cultural values, economics, materials, administrative factors and technology that influence architectural forms. The climatic solutions effecting on architecture, differ in various regions, cultures, time and technology. The climate of the province of Golestan plays an active role in the formation and diversity of vernacular dwellings. This region is in contact with numerous environmental factors. It is limited by Alborz Mountain in the south, by Turkmenistan desert in the north-east, and by Caspian Sea in the north-west bringing about high humidity in this province. With this background, the paper's question raised: "How do the climatic design principles of vernacular architecture respond to microclimates in this region?" In this paper, the focus is on building's envelopes and shells in three local climatic scopes of the region. The paper is based on a combination of research methodologies: field research (integrating case studies) and archival research. The climatic data are being analyzed by Mahoney tables providing preliminary design recommendations. They are grouped under eight headings: layout, spacing, ventilation, openings (size, position and protection), the relation between building and ground, veranda, wall and roof. This essay argues about the knowledge and skill of vernacular and traditional bioclimatic construction suggesting conceptual strategies for improve current dwelling aiming to a sustainable future.
۱۸۲.

The Relationship between the Enclosed Space and the Sense of Territory in Residential Neighborhoods (Case Study: Comparison between Haft-Hoz and Shahrake-Gharb in Tehran)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Architecture and Urban Development, Volume ۶, Issue ۲ - Serial Number ۲۰, Spring ۲۰۱۶ 67 - 78

کلیدواژه‌ها: Sense of Territory Enclosed Space Residential Neighborhoods Iran

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۶۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۶
Organization of living environment is possible through a clear definition of private and public arenas and determination of a spatial hierarchy. Such defined arenas increase the sense of belonging to the environment which personalizes residential environments. Enclosure is among the quantities that play a significant role in defining the spaces. In fact, enclosure is the factor that defines a space as a ground for occurrence of other events. Enclosure is an individual subjective ground to define the space and the primary factor in conversion of space into place. One of the basic functions of a house is to determine a territory. This paper considers the concept of territory as an effective factor on the quality of the relationship between the human and his residential environment and investigates the effect of enclosure on this territory. Two residential areas including a part of Haft-Hoz neighborhood and Shahrak-e Gharb (West Town) were selected as the sample of the test. The effects of enclosure factor on the concept of territory were analyzed in common residential complexes. A qualitative research method was applied and questionnaire was used as the scientific method. According to the belief that the relationship between human and the environment depends on many different factors, this paper investigates and analyzes the concept of territory and spatial enclosure as one of the effective factors on the quality of the relationship between human and residential environment in the mentioned neighborhoods.
۱۸۳.

Urban Park Design in Iran: Investigation of Factors Affecting Users’ Psychological Benefits(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Architecture and Urban Development, Volume ۷, Issue ۲ - Serial Number ۲۴, Spring ۲۰۱۷ 27 - 32

کلیدواژه‌ها: Tehran Iran Urban parks Psychological restoration Users’ preferences and perceptions nature Design guidelines

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۰۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۶
Park design in Iran has followed the traditional European style since the Qajar dynasty. The familiarity of Iranians with the spirit of Persian gardens and the low quality of the newest parks is such that users prefer ancient geometrical Persian gardens. Today, those responsible for the design of urban green spaces lacking examples differing from the traditional and thus they are in need of an adequate set of guidelines for how to design for present conditions, users, and their needs. This research focuses on the relationship between park design components and users’ psychological restoration regarding their preferences and perceptions to increase the quality of parks, diminish vandalism, and increase user agency. Psychological restoration is the likeliness that people will be able to rest and recover their ability to focus. A random sample of 100 Tehranian residents was taken by presenting them with images depicting 6 urban parks from around their city. The results were analyzed by grouping into categories: 1-similar activities and 2-by counting and categorizing the individual descriptions of components (frequency of words) contributing to restoration likelihood. Findings showed that the categories mentioned most frequently for high levels of restoration were natural categories including trees, shrubs, grasses, flowers, and water. Findings with low levels of restoration and recovery consisted of negative contextual conditions and the absence of nature such as high rise buildings around the parks, lack of trees, and crowds of people. The activities imagined more frequently were playing and other physical activities, social activities, and relaxation.
۱۸۴.

The Optimization of Open- Space Based on Social Theory in Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Architecture and Urban Development, Volume ۸, Issue ۳ - Serial Number ۲۹, Summer ۲۰۱۸ 23 - 32

کلیدواژه‌ها: Iran Land subdivision Lot Optimization Open- space

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۲۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۷۵
The usage of social theories in the human-built environment caused to enhance life quality. It may consist of human needs in residential areas. Sometimes, building codes can help to exist accepted life space, but the building codes do not have basic theory such as actual open space in residential plots. The study was an attempt to represent a new approach in urban land subdivision and the relationship between social theories and built up area. The research question was how to determine the open- space ratio. Main indicators were related to residential areas in urban areas in Iran which the lot size and urban density appear. The study tried to represent optimum open- space ratio based on Edward Hall's theory. The method was based on mathematical model and social theory. Finally, it resulted in optimum OSR in lot and it was not enough open- space ratios in existing situation.  This study came to this conclusion that existing open- space measure was not enough for any Lot in new residential areas based on mentioned theory. In addition, investigation showed that the human distances effected on open and built up space ratio in a new residential layout. It was concluded that every residential area can have an optimum open- space ratio based on its situation. The results can use new residential layouts for enhancing human-built environments, but it noticed that there are not certain tools for making high-quality environments based on social theories. 
۱۸۵.

Brexit and its Impacts on Iran-EU Relationship(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۰, Issue ۲۹ - Serial Number ۱, February ۲۰۱۹ 25 - 44

کلیدواژه‌ها: Brexit Iran European Union (EU) Britain United States Transatlanticism

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۶۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۹
The British people vote to withdraw from the European Union (Brexit) in 23 June 2016 referendum is one of the most important events occurred in the European Union since its formation. Brexit can highly affect the future status of the EU in the international system and the relationship between the EU and other regions of the world. Withdrawal of the UK from European Union occurred after the agreement reached between Iran and E3+3 on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), and at the time when Iran-EU relationship seemed to improve, so this departure can highly shape and affect Iran-EU relationship. The question this paper addresses is that how the Brexit would affect the relationship between the EU and Iran. To answer this question, the hypothesis proposed here is that the Brexit would improve the relationship between Islamic Republic of Iran and the European Union by decreasing the transatlantic weight and the US-oriented tendency in the EU. This article uses descriptive-analytical approach.
۱۸۶.

Security Threats to Regional Powers Investment in Iraq After the Defeat of ISIS(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۰, Issue ۲۹ - Serial Number ۱, February ۲۰۱۹ 137 - 156

کلیدواژه‌ها: Iran Iraq Foreign Investment regional powers Security Challenges

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۸۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۴۳
Iraq, as Iran's western neighbor, has the appropriate and potential capacity for regional interaction and cooperation. Accordingly, intelligent and planned interaction with this country can be important for the production of wealth, power and national security of Iran. Being aware of this, regional powers are also investing in Iraq ostensibly to rebuild the country, but in practice with political motives, and this could pose a threat to Iran. The present study seeks to answer the main question: What effect does the investment of regional powers in the reconstruction of post-ISIS Iraq, which is done in the shadow of the passivity of Iran's economic presence in this country, have on Iran's national security? The study claims that the investment of regional powers in Iraq, which leads to an increase in the influence of these powers and a change in Iraqi policies and orientations in the shadow of Iran's economic passivity in this country, increases Iran's national security threats in economic, political, social, military and environmental fields. The present study tries to investigate the subject with a descriptive-analytical method.
۱۸۷.

Domestic Factions and the External Environment in Iran’s Foreign Policy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۰, Issue ۳۰ - Serial Number ۲, July ۲۰۱۹ 281 - 313

کلیدواژه‌ها: Iran Foreign Policy Analysis Factionalism Ideology Pragmatism

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۱۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۳
The beginning of the political crisis in Syria, each regional and trans-regional actors have adopted different policies based on their interests and goals in relation to this country. Syria is an exceptional issue for countries in the region and the world's powers like the United States of America, and any transformation in that form might have a fundamental impact on the interests of each of these regional and global powers. Turkey as a regional power and the United States has always been present in the Syrian crisis as a regional power based on its interests. But the United' support of the present groups in Syria has sought to fight ISIS extremists, which Turkey has called for terrorist groups to reduce the US and Turkey relations. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method and using documentation sources to provide a theoretical framework, the question of why Turkey is against United States about the Syrian Kurdish issue? This study investigates the presence of United States in Syria and the support of Kurdish groups, as well as the reaction that Turkey and Iran have been involved in. The findings of this article indicate that the United States support the Kurdish groups in northern Syria has led to conflict of interest between the two countries.
۱۸۸.

An Analysis of French and Iranian Political Cartoons on Trump's Withdrawal from the JCPOA(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۱ - Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۰ 33 - 58

کلیدواژه‌ها: Political Cartoons JCPOA France Iran Donald Trump Framing

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۹۲ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۲
The present study was conducted to investigate how Trump’s unilateral withdrawal from Iran’s nuclear deal on May 8, 2018 has been framed in political cartoons published in French and Iranian media. In this paper, a thematic analysis of published cartoons available on Google images from May 8, 2018 to June 8, 2018 was conducted in both French and Farsi. Five categories of news frames identified by Semetko and Valkenburg (2002) were applied on selected cartoons to observe how these frames are used on political cartoons in French and Iranian news outlets. Findings of the study showed that withdrawal of Trump from Iran’s nuclear deal has been framed mostly as a threat for France and has been considered in a bilateral perspective between USA and France. For the Iranian press the withdrawal is mostly considered as a result of Trump’s mental instability and P5+1 inaction.
۱۸۹.

Turkish Foreign Policy and Palestinian Issue: an Iranian Perspective (2002-2020)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۱ - Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۰ 169 - 196

کلیدواژه‌ها: Turkish Foreign Policy Palestinian Issue Israel Constructive theory Iran

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۷۳ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۰
The AKP’s policy towards Palestine is the main core of this article. The Turkish authorities have tried to play as the mediator in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and have attempted through various political and economic initiatives to support a peace agreement between both sides. However, after the 2008 Gaza war, the AKP government’s foreign policy stance towards Israel began to change, at least officially. This war, alongside to other events such as 2009 Davos, the 2010 Low Chair and the 2010 Mavi Marmara, produced a public political conflict in the Turkish-Israeli relations. This tension extended from the 2008 Gaza war until the normalization deal between the two countries in June 2016. But this political tension did not have very impact on the other current fields of cooperation between Ankara and Tel Aviv. This emphasizes clearly that both countries were pragmatic in maintaining efficient and strategic ties. The major research question can be stated as the following: What has been the Turkish government's policy on the Palestinian issue between 2002-2020? In addition we want to assess the proximity and distance of Turkey's policies from Iranian perspectives and positions.
۱۹۰.

Bahrain and Axis of Resistance: Geopolitical Implications for Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۱ - Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۰ 197 - 220

کلیدواژه‌ها: Geographical location geopolitics of Bahrain Geopolitics of Resistance Iran

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۴۳ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۲
In the late 2010 and early 2011, the Arab Islamic countries in the Middle East and North Africa underwent developments which were unforeseen and shocking in the view of global observers. The growth and spread of popular protests caused some rulers in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Yemen to be dethroned in the form of a domino; however, in Bahrain, the popular protests faced severe squash by the Al-Khalifa rule. Nonetheless, revolutionary movements in Bahrain are of a long record in the country and the demonstration on 14 Feb. 2011 was the onset of geopolitics of resistance in the state. Despite Shia majority against the ruling minority, the revolutionary movement came to failure for a number of reasons including Bahrain’s geographical location and the revolutionists’ aspirations were unrealized. In the meantime, the present study aims to clarify the Bahrain’s geographical location in the geopolitics of resistance in the country and its impact on the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). The outcome of the study suggests that being in energy transit line and proximity to energy resources, the island location and the strategic value of the country, the 5th US Fleet deployment, being in the Persian Gulf and its neighborhood to Iran and Saudi Arabia affect the Bahrain’s geopolitics of resistance and breed negative consequences for Iran.
۱۹۱.

The U.S. Role in Iran- EU Relations (1990-2020)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۱ - Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۰ 273 - 302

کلیدواژه‌ها: EU Iran Foreign policy Human Rights

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۱۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۶
In view of the EU’s position in international policy arena and its evolving foreign relations with I.R.I, this research first attempts to elucidate the background of EU-I.R.I foreign relations as well as the EU foreign policy towards Iran and then proceeds to address the importance of Iran for the EU. Efforts have also been put into giving an account of the US role in convergence and divergence of such relations followed by examination of the EU and the Middle East, Iran and WMD as well as issues of human rights and democracy in Iran-EU relations. However, due to interruptions in discourse making in all fields of Iran-EU foreign relations, it seems that these two important actors have not utilized the available opportunities in political terms with significant impacts on their bilateral commercial and economic ties.
۱۹۲.

Trump’s Maximum Pressure Policy and Diplomacy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۱ - Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۰ 5 - 32

کلیدواژه‌ها: the United States Iran Trump Administration Maximum Pressure Regime change

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۴۴ تعداد دانلود : ۱۴۹
In the past four decades, the US-Iran relations have been hostile, especially after Donald Trump took office as president in 2017. Since 1979, Washington's official policy toward Iran has been predicated on containment, push-back, and change of behavior. However, Iran usually perceives the US policy regarding itself in terms of regime change or metamorphosis. The United States has countered Iran through coercive diplomacy, crippling sanctions, military blockade, delegitimization, isolation, and demonization. The present paper aims to investigate the antagonism between the two countries in Donald Trump's administration. The main reasons behind Trump's maximum pressure campaign against Iran and Iran’s perception of this attitude constitute the main research questions addressed in this paper. The findings show that the two countries have different understandings of their hostilities. Although the US preference in Trump’s era for Iran was regime change, it would settle for a non-challenging or so-called a normal Iran. But Iran perceived the US policy as undermining its independence, identity, and existence. In fact Iran perceived Trump’s gesture on negotiation or making new deal as just a propaganda show. This paradigmatic different outlooks has blocked diplomacy. The present paper, through a descriptive-analytic method, elaborates on this antinomy mainly from Iranian side.
۱۹۳.

Diplomacy and Bureaucracy: Iran and Saudi Arabia in Two Administrations(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۲ - Serial Number ۲, July ۲۰۲۰ 359 - 382

کلیدواژه‌ها: Bureaucratic Politics Geopolitical Rivalry Iran Organizational Trend Saudi Arabia

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۱۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۲
The Islamic Republic of Iran's Middle East policy and its fundamentals are among the most discussed issues in the MiddleEast's international politics. The present paper seeks to analyze the structure and formation of Iran's foreign policy interests in the region with a view of bureaucratic diplomacy. Based on Graham Allison's framework of organizational trends and bureaucratic politics, this study assesses two recent Iranian presidents' foreign policy toward Saudi Arabia. Bureaucratic diplomacy of Iran, along with military and security apparatus formulate and implement Iranian foreign policy tactics. Ahmadinejad focused on developing a personal relationship with Saudi leaders, which was not aligned with his bureaucratic diplomacy, though. However, Rouhani embarked on making use of JCPOA as a model to negotiate with Saudi Arabia. The region's constantly evolving situation, the hostile approach of Saudi Arabia, and the maximum pressure of the U.S. on Iran prevented Rouhani’s bureaucratic diplomacy from succeeding. 
۱۹۴.

Containment Strategy of the United States and the United Arab Emirates Toward Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۲ - Serial Number ۲, July ۲۰۲۰ 383 - 405

کلیدواژه‌ها: containment strategy United States United Arab Emirates Foreign policy Iran

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۸۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۲
The relationship between the United States and the United Arab Emirates is becoming increasingly complex and strategic. The two countries’ strategic partnership in the fields of security, military, political, and intelligence has also acted as a facilitating variable in this field. The UAE acts as the US financial arm in support of institutionalization and democratization and promotion of liberal values in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, Yemen and, Palestine. The article’s main question is that how and why the United Arab Emirates and the United States aretrying to contain Iran in the Middle East? In this regard, using the theoretical propositions of aggressive realism, the hypothesis is that the United States has defined a unique role for the UAE in transferring responsibility to regional actors to decrease Washington's balance cost in the Middle East and North Africa. The method used in the present article is based on a descriptive-analytical approach and the data is collected through library researches, interviews with experts, and reliable internet sources.
۱۹۵.

Russia's Strategy Toward Nagorno-Karabakh and Georgia (2008-2020)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۲ - Serial Number ۲, July ۲۰۲۰ 467 - 491

کلیدواژه‌ها: Russia Nagorno Karabakh Georgia Iran Security Strategy Copenhagen school

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۰۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۴
The South Caucasus region is experiencing crises that have continued for many years. Russia's war with Georgia in 2008 and the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region after the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991) changed the security order in the South Caucasus. Russia has interests as a global player in the South Caucasus region and Kremlin considers it's near abroad as its backyard and exclusive sphere of influence. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method as well as the theory of regional security of Barry Buzan to answer the question of what is Russia's security strategy towards the South Caucasus region. The main hypothesis emphasizes that Russia's strategy in the South Caucasus region is to prevent securitization of the region against its economic and political interests, as well as prevent the influence and presence of NATO, in the region. The results show that in tensions with Georgia, Russia seeks to prevent Western interference and urges them to recognize the separation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from Georgia. On the other hand, Russia's foreign policy in the face of the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis is to maintain a balance between the two parties involved, Armenia and Azerbaijan, to cooperate with both countries, and to resolve the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict by a political solution, not a military one. The purpose of this article is to examine Russia's security strategy in the South Caucasus, with a particular focus on Georgia and the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis from the beginning of the crisis until 2020. And then it offers specific reasons for the confrontation between Russia and the West, as well as Iran's role in regional security issues. 
۱۹۶.

Science Diplomacy of Iran in Eastern Europe: The Case of Medical Science of the University of Tehran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۲ - Serial Number ۲, July ۲۰۲۰ 493 - 518

کلیدواژه‌ها: Iran Eastern Europe Science diplomacy Tehran University of Medical Science

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۸۲ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۲
Foreign policy is implemented in the international environment with special and various tools; one of those tools witha prominent role in diplomacy. However, along with traditional diplomacy, with the emergence of new actors after the Cold War and the entry into the age of communication and technology, diplomacy took new forms. One type of diplomacy that has received more attention in recent years is science diplomacy. So far, scientific diplomacy in the world and especially in Iran has not been fully and sufficiently studied and the interest in this issue is more related to the development in recent years. Additionally, due to its less attractive scientific aspect in the world compared to many other countries, Iran should strengthen its international scientific cooperation networks. So, this article focuses on this issue and the main question is how the Islamic Republic of Iran performed in the application of science diplomacy in the field of medical sciences with Eastern Europe between 1991 and 2018. The hypothesis of this research is: The performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in various dimensions of science diplomacy including memorandums of understanding and agreements, collaboration desks, international meetings and visits, summer schools, international seminars and congresses, visiting professors, and joint articles towards the Eastern European region from 1991 to 2018 has been increasing. The present study is applied research with the experimental scientific method and hypothesis- deductive research strategy and the review of these activities based on the indicators of science diplomacy shows that during the years 1991 to 2018, these activities have increased significantly in most of the proposed indicators.
۱۹۷.

Iran Securitization of Terrorist ISIS(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۲ - Serial Number ۲, July ۲۰۲۰ 519 - 540

کلیدواژه‌ها: Securitization Audience Speech Act Iran ISIS

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۵۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۷۲
This article seeks to identify and explain the process of securitizing ISIS by the Islamic Republic of Iran. The mostimportant question of this article is: How did the Iranian government manage to portray ISIS as an existential threat to itscitizens and how to involve them in their foreign and military policies against this terrorist group? This article uses thesecuritization theory to explain the Iranian war with ISIS in Syria and Iraq. It aims to consider the process and dynamics ofsecuritization of ISIS in Iranian society which led them to support the military combat with ISIS. The research hypothesis isthat the focus on securitization theory prepares the constant framework for understanding how the Copenhagen notion of security helps the Iranian government to justify the enemy narrative of ISIS through the trend of exclusion, exceptionalities, and use of physical force. Iranian government actively uses the securitization process to make required changes and adjustments for confronting ISIS to gain support and legitimacy from ordinary people. This article considers the role of the audience in the process of decision-making and how rulers use this opportunity to mobilize and organize armed forces. The Iranian government in the process of securitizing ISIS has shown that it can involve the people in the process of decision-making and the implementation of its foreign and military policies.
۱۹۸.

The Nuclear Issue and Iran-US Relations: Perspectives and Different Natures(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۱, Issue ۳۲ - Serial Number ۲, July ۲۰۲۰ 591 - 619

کلیدواژه‌ها: nuclear program Game theory Iran United States Middle East

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۲۱ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۳
Since two decades ago, the Iranian nuclear issue became a full-scale international conflict. Iran's main preference is to guarantee its national security. In fact, the lack of a strategy for Iran and the channels of intense conflict around it, the scarcity of conflict management strategies and mechanisms, are forcing Iran to pursue a nuclear program. Furthermore, some severe institutional and structural confinements and limitations on Iran and the immediate need to recover its vulnerable economy have forced Iran to subsidize its fortified attitudes and behave like a rational actor in the international atmosphere. But the United States’ preference is to stabilize the regional equation with regard to support of its strategic resources and allies in the Middle East. The lack of similar understandings and different levels of calculation between Tehran and Washington over nuclear politics led to long-lasting conflict. While Iran justifies its political logic with normative paradigm and consistency with international regimes, Washington’s political calculations are standing forsecurity, threat and deterrence approaches. Moreover, whereas Iran explains its nuclear activities at the regional and transregional levels, the US analyzes it at the international level disordering the global status quo. In this paper, the game theory models will be used to understand the past and current relationship between US-Iran. Furthermore, the possibility of an equilibrium movement regarding the Iranian nuclear problem will be discussed. This analysis will focus on the preferences and interests of each state, which mainly determine the foreign policy-making process. 
۱۹۹.

Iran and US General Election Debates (from 2004-2016)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۲, Issue ۳۳- Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۱ 5 - 32

کلیدواژه‌ها: Issue Ownership Theory US General Election Debates Critical Framework Analysis Foreign policy Iran

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۸۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۷
This paper examines US general election debates to discover whether or not the Republican and Democratic candidates equally present Iran as a major US foreign policy issue. Petrocik’s Issue Ownership theory was employed as the theoretical framework of this paper. The Issue Ownership theory asserts that since American voters perceive the Republican and Democratic parties to handle different sets of political, social, and economic issues better than their opponents, each party will highlight and emphasize issues that they are regarded to own during elections. In this regard, Petrocik’s theory predicts that since the Republican party is perceived to handle foreign policy and national security-related issues better than their Democratic opponents by American voters, their candidates are more likely to bring up foreign policy-related issues while Democrats are more likely to avoid such issues during presidential campaigns. Overall, 13 US general election debate transcripts from among the 16 General debates held from 2004 to 2016 were selected for analysis using the Critical Case Sampling approach. The analysis, which utilized the Critical Framework Analysis method, resulted in seven major thematic categories concerning Iran: nuclear program, threat, sanctions, negotiations, war, Iran’s influence, and sponsorship of terrorism. The study finds that although Republican candidates did present Iran as a major foreign policy issue more frequently than their opponents in US general election debates, there was an element of convergence on Iran. Therefore, contrary to what the Issue Ownership theory would have predicted, the Democrats did not typically avoid nor show any hesitancy in talking about Iran. 
۲۰۰.

National Role Perceptions and Biden's Foreign Policy towards Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Volume ۱۲, Issue ۳۳- Serial Number ۱, January ۲۰۲۱ 127 - 150

کلیدواژه‌ها: Foreign policy National Role Respected leadership Biden Iran

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۷۲ تعداد دانلود : ۲۱۱
This article focuses on the concept of national role, which is defined as the perception of foreign policymakers of the position of their nations in the international system. The main argument of this paper is that Joe Biden, as the 46th President of the United States, offers a new definition of the national role, which is different from Trump's definition. This national role is made up of elements and ideas that are necessary to understand US foreign policy toward other states, including how to deal with Iran. So, the main question of this paper is “what is the new national role that Biden defines for American identity? What are the most important elements that constitute this new national role? and According to these elements, what can we expect from Biden's administration's foreign policy orientation towards Iran? The research findings show that according to the new perception, the most important national role defined by Biden for the United States is: “respected and moral leadership”, a role that has been severely damaged by Trump's isolationist policies and the most important elements that constitute this new national role are: strengthening alliances, especially with Europeans, emphasizing public opinion satisfaction, using all US capabilities in the form of smart power, selective engagement, multilateralism and institutionalism, liberal internationalism, and diplomacy. This article is a descriptive-analytical article using case theory and the method of data collection is based on the existing literature and virtual data.