Development

Ecocriticism as a field of study into the state of both human and non-human entities in an act of colonization. As such three of its most important concepts, Agency, Development and Displacement, are discussed to facilitate the understanding of this approach for the readers. Non-human agency advocates against a human-centric agency and for a dynamic relationship between human and non-human agency instead. As often witnessed in the aftermath of natural disasters such as an earthquake, natural events are unpredictable and not all in control of human beings. Then it can be stated that humans are not the only active agents in the environment but that instead we need to study the dynamic relationship between human and non-human agencies. The second concept, Development, is a bridge between colonialism and non-human agency, which entails the process of changing an environment in course of monopolizing certain products in a colonized country. Such changes usually have negative effects on the natives’ lives, such as losing their jobs, homes and impoverishment. This then leads to their displacement, seeking a new area where they can find new resources to survive and build their lives around. This is then a chained set of events as explained in the article, from the promise of a development that is in truth monopolizing one or more products, to the displacement of the natives from their homes and their struggle to survive.

Afghanistan is confronting the complexity of security and development challenges for the last several years, and that is affecting the Afghan’s lives and livelihood. Over the past years, it has continuously increased, and due to lack of security as well as the country has faced several incidents after 2014. The war created several problems, and there are major challenges by the Taliban, ISIS, and other critical terrorisation. The study aims to define a system approach that how a fragile system operates and functions. Afghanistan emerges as an example of a fragile state which can be explained through the concept of system approach. The article also looks at the concept of system approach and method takes the case study of Afghanistan to demonstrate the perils of a fragile state since 2014 following international military drawdown. Besides, it also looks at how the EU is responding to these challenges as part of its security and development strategy towards Afghanistan. Concluding remarks observed that a fragile system lacks developments and economic growth which consequences in displacement, emigration and instability in the country consequential in the community or the case of Afghanistan tribal warfare. In past overs years, the EU contributes its development and humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, which is bringing a significant change.

In this article, the role and effects of elites in development with emphasis on the development of the tourism industry have been studied that in general, the role of human resources and the thought of political and scientific elites in using domestic and international capacities as a superior model compared to other factors can show their degree of importance on various aspects. The approach of the leaders and elites of countries in providing the grounds for political, educational, and economic growth has been analyzed based on factors related to development and also weaknesses and shortcomings in the lack of balanced stimulus to inclusive development, especially the development of industry have been pointed from a political-executive point of view. The descriptive and analytical method as well as the comparative model with maximum use of capacities and requirements to better understand the effective parameters in the subject and objectives of the research have been the method of this research. The results show that political elites have had positive and sometimes negative effects on the growth and development process, especially the development of the tourism industry.

This work takes a critical and cursory look at the term ‘education’ as well as the challenges of higher education in Nigeria. The paper explicates these issues from Hegel’s model of development. It argues that education is imperative for the development of any nation and underscores the relevance of man to his social-cultural milieu. It insists that the current problems or challenges bedeviling higher education in Nigeria is a systemic one, especially given the long, total neglect by the Nigerian political institution. The article concludes that Hegel’s view of society as containing intrinsic or inner contradictions; exemplified by the dialectic of history—portrayed by the triadic movement could not be sustained when x-rayed vis-à-vis the enormous problems plaguing higher education in Nigeria. However, the view of the paper is that though the challenges are not insurmountable, determined and pragmatic efforts must be made by all stalk-holders to address the ills bedeviling Nigerian education sector.

Introduction : The issue of developing arbitration on persons other than parties to the arbitration is one of the issues that are disputed by legal scholars. In the arbitration agreement, no person, except the parties to the agreement, is bound to arbitration and has no right to invoke it. Prohibiting the extension of the effects of the arbitration agreement to persons outside the contract is accepted, but it should be noted that the persons who sign a contract are not always its real parties. Therefore, the current study was formed with the aim of investigating the role of ethics in the development of arbitration clauses towards third parties in Iran. Material and Methods : In order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to legal books in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2011 to 2021 were examined from the databases of Magiran, Civilica, Sid, and Ensani. Conclusion : A creditable nature is not limited to external signs such as correspondence or names included in the contract, but it is a creditable fact that may prove that the works of the contract belong to a person who was not present when the contract was concluded and his name has not even been mentioned. The real original theory, which has found a special place in contract law today, is the result of the challenge faced by lawyers in this field. In fact, the ethical basis requires that every person accepts the obligation or action that is related to the rights and obligations of the arbitration parties and does not shy away from responsibility. On the other hand, no one should be held responsible for the obligations of others, and the development of the arbitration clause should not cause losses to third parties. Therefore, the development of the arbitration clause must be done within the bounds of the obligations.

Entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in the economic and sustainable development of all countries. The current research aimed to identify the opportunities and threats of the external environment of sports entrepreneurship in Ardabil, Iran based on the PESTLE model by examining the past and existing processes. A mixed approach was used to collect and analyze the research data. The research tool consisted of interviews and strategic council meetings. Theoretical and snowball sampling methods were used to reach the theoretical saturation (15 Experts). For analyzing the collected data in the qualitative section, a logical inductive method was used. The findings revealed that strategic environmental components of entrepreneurship in Ardabil province included: Ecological factors, Cultural and Social Factors, Political factors, Legal and juridical factors, Economic Factors, & Technological factors. According to the findings, considering the extracted factors in the process of spot entrepreneurship management can pave the way for developing entrepreneurship in sport setting. 

The purpose of this research was to identify the factors affecting the development of championship swimming in Yazd, Iran from the perspective of coaches, experts, and managers. 123 experts in the field of swimming were randomly selected as the research sample, and a researcher-developed questionnaire was used for data collection. Data analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results showed that all coaches, experts, and managers had a consensus on improving the level of scientific and technical knowledge of coaches, controlling and monitoring the activities of coaches, finding talent using scientific and specialized methods, and establishing swimming schools, facilities, and equipment. Therefore, these factors were found to be the most important and effective factors in developing the championship swimming in Yazd province. 

In the contemporary era man has become much focused on implication of technology in every sector associated with human development. Knowledge being indispensable center of attention attracts the interest of the researchers to deal with its management from generation to dissemination and ultimately to proper use especially in the field of Science and Technology. A Knowledge Management System (KMS) being an amalgamation of content, experience, and process management; take care of management of knowledge as well as enabling its free flow amongst the employees working in an organization for a common goal. Therefore, the paper is an effort to discuss the concept of Knowledge Management along with a detailed theoretical framework for developing a KM System for any knowledge dealing enterprise. The study can be much helpful which acts as a torch bearer concept for all those organizations especially research institutes that are planning for implementation of such Systems hence lessen their efforts and time.

Libraries have long been involved in content management due to their mission and task, but with the advent of the digital age, this content has changed from print to digital. Digital content management is related to storing, organizing, indexing and monitoring digital content used by an organization. Digital content can take many forms, including text files, documents, graphics, images, animations, and audio and video files. This book is a handbook consisting of 15 chapters in the field of research on digital content management and development in libraries, elaborating on various areas such as: Consortia, Digital Libraries, Digital Resource Management, EResources, Information Retrieval, Knowledge Management, Open Access, Repositories, RFID Technology. Even so, in this book, the research topics mentioned have not been studied in depth. In my opinion, considering the thematic importance of the book, it would be better to address newer research topics such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, digital twins, virtual reality, research data management, etc. It is suggested that a new collection consisting of the chapters of the proposed areas be compiled.

In light of recent price swings in oil and the need to reduce the country's dependency on the commodity, the government of Nigeria has implemented a number of reforms and initiatives to stimulate the non-oil sector of the economy, most notably the informal sector. Government financial support as interventions would have otherwise been a relief in changing the narrative of ugly financial accessibility of participants in the informal sector. The level of financial accessibility and its relationship to the economic performance of participants in the informal sector have been largely understudied. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to assess the shortcomings of current government interventions in the informal sector and to provide a viable financial intervention structure to address these issues. This research included both primary and secondary sources of information. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from respondents. A total of 700 informal sector participant who are mainly SMEs operators, 300 registered and 400 unregistered, were chosen using a purposeful selection technique from the six states of Southwest Nigeria. Data was examined in two ways using SPSS: descriptive and inferential. Thus, the study showed the flaws of the past interventions, such as a faulty programme design, bias in the distribution of financing facilities, a lack of knowledge about the facilities, and convoluted procedures for gaining government funding support.

Present study was done aimed to identify the techniques of improving the heads of Islamic Azad university branches and ranking them effectiveness in order to promotion of professional ability. Study methodology was descriptive survey that was performed in qualitative and quantitative parts. Statistical population in the qualitative part was includes present and past heads of Guilan Islamic Azad university branches with more than 20 years’ record of service as head and in the quantitative part it was consisted of all the heads, vice-heads of branches and heads of faculties in Guilan Islamic Azad universities. Systematic non-random technique was performed and for quantitative part, total counting was performed to select the study population in the qualitative part. Research tool included interviewing and two open ended and close ended questionnaires. Data analysis was performed by fuzzy technique. In this study, 33 development techniques were recognized for heads of university branches, were classified in 3 major categories including formal, learning in practice and informal. Study findings indicate that amongst the development techniques for university branches heads, proceeding in the management profession, moving from lower responsibilities to the higher responsibilities, 360 evaluations, contributing in the question and response sessions with different beneficiaries, visiting the university branches with successful function had greatest effect on the enhancement of professional ability of university branches heads.

The design and development of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress is a strategic action with extensive national, regional and international dimensions and requirements. The present article tries to review the requirements for the design of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress in the former and latter periods in the field of foreign policy and diplomacy, both at the regional and international levels. The main question of the present article is what are the requirements of foreign policy in designing and formulating an Islamic-Iranian model of progress at regional and international levels? The paper examines these requirements in both the former and latter periods. The former requirements for designing and developing an Islamic-Iranian model of progress include how to use the positive and successful experiences of other countries so that the religious, cultural, geographic and national characteristics of Iran are taken into account and the output of the pattern would be a native pattern. On the other hand, the development of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress, in such a way that this model has the capacity to be presented to the world and also the ability to be transferred to other communities on the level of neighbor, the region, the world of islam, as well as the international level, is one of the most important follow-up considerations.

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: The emergence of the epistemic system of modernism and its epistemological requirements has caused Eastern societies, including the Islamic world, conflicts such as the conflict between religion and development and efforts to resolve it. This research aims to explain the pattern of the new Islamic civilization by emphasizing the views of Muẓaffar ‘Iqbāl from the book Islam and Science. Also, most Muslim thinkers view the relationship between Islam and its efficiency in new scientific topics, including development, as positive and admirable.METHOD & FINDING:  Using the method of qualitative analysis and referring to his books, essays, and other thinkers, it has been found that the Islamic scientific tradition began at the time of the Prophet. Additionally, Islamic scientists have continued this movement throughout history with ups and downs and have rejected the discussion of conflict that has been raised by Westerners, especially Goldzihar's theory which denied the connection between Islam and science.CONCLUSION:  According to Muẓaffar ‘Iqbāl, Islam is a comprehensive religion and these views and scientific theories are always changing and can be modified. Therefore, he does not consider them comparable to Islamic texts. In Muẓaffar ‘Iqbāl 's view, the Islamic tradition, relying on the approach of complementarity, can create and guide a comprehensive civilization and provide a pattern of progress in the new era.

Effective strategic leadership entails the implementation of diverse management strategies to develop a forward-looking perspective for the organization. Such a perspective enables the organization to adjust and remain competitive in a continuously changing economic and technological environment. This study aimed to design a strategic leadership model for sports federations in Iran. This study was applied in terms of purpose and adopted a mixed method with an exploratory approach. The statistical population of the qualitative study consisted of experts in the field of sports federations who were selected purposefully, and finally,  14 experts were selected as the research participants based on data saturation approach. The statistical population in the quantitative phase included 319 subjects (president, vice-president, secretary, and three members of the Board of Directors of sports federations) selected through stratified random sampling. The research data collection tool in the qualitative phase was a semi-structured interview whereas, in the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed from interviews' data. Data in the qualitative phase were analyzed using experts’ points of view, and in the quantitative phase, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, divergent and convergent validity, and structural equation tests were used. Moreover, the face, content, and construct validity of the instrument were confirmed. Finally, the model of strategic leadership of sport federations was presented with seven factors including strategic orientation, human resources development, learning strategy, team leadership, strategic control, effective interaction culture, and ethical strategy.

This is a systematic review of Translator Translation Styles from 2013 to 2023, based on 16 highly relevant articles, which are included after searching a total of 193 articles in three databases using specific keywords. This review aims to investigate the current trends and development of the four core research elements, namely, the research topics, research approaches/tools, research objects, and research trends of Translator Translation Styles. Corpus-based research and computing technology have become the core research trends in this field. By taking the translated texts as the research objects and using a variety of research approaches to analyze and compile statistics on a large number of texts, researchers can accurately identify and compare the different emphases of their respective studies on Translator Translation Styles. At present, it seems that the research on Translator Translation Styles has established a system framework. However, it still needs to be optimized and improved in some aspects (e.g., the research objects are too limited and lack innovation in types), and future research can further explore those aspects. The present paper ends with some suggestions and recommendations for future researchers in academic contexts.

The present study aims to evaluate the sustainability of water resources management among wheat farmers in the villages of Maragheh City in Iran. This study is applied research conducted using a survey method. The statistical population includes all irrigated wheat farmers in Maragheh City (N=240). According to Krejcie and Morgan's table, the statistical sample size is estimated to be 149. The samples are selected using the stratified sampling method. A correlation test and a multiple regression analysis are used to analyze the data and the Radar is used to assess the sustainability of agricultural water resources management. The results indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between the farmers' application of measures related to sustainable water resources management and their attitudes toward sustainable water resources management, agronomic, economic, educational-extensional, policy-making, and institutional factors, the area under cultivation, and income. Moreover, there is an inverse and significant relationship between the farmers' application of measures related to sustainable water resources management and membership in rural organizations. The results of multiple regression analysis, which is used to investigate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable (the application of measures related to sustainable water resources management in agriculture) show that five variables of economic, educational-extensional, social, and agronomic factors and farmers' attitudes toward sustainable water resources management explain about 63% of the variance of the dependent variable. From the perspective of irrigated wheat farmers in Maragheh City, the sustainability of agricultural water resources management is evaluated to be at a moderate level according to the total scores obtained for them.