dependency

Purpose: The present study was aimed to examine the performance of social-cultural deputy of municipality in terms of the indexes of training professional citizens. Methodology: Research method was descriptive (survey) in terms of data collection method; and in terms of objective, it was practical. The statistical population consisted of all citizens (379962 people) residing in Tehran's region 1. Sample size included 384 individuals selected using a Morgan Table and a cluster random sampling method. Data collection method was a made questionnaire which was designed based on a 5-point Likert scale. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was approved; and its reliability was calculated to be 0.79, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to analyze data, a single-sample "t" test was used. Findings: Obtained results showed that the performance of social-cultural deputy of municipality was in a medium level in terms of teaching three components of wisdom, participation, and civil behavior. Discussion: The result also indicated that it was in a lower than medium level in terms of teaching six components of lawfulness, identity, responsibility, ethics, self-esteem, and dependency

In light of recent price swings in oil and the need to reduce the country's dependency on the commodity, the government of Nigeria has implemented a number of reforms and initiatives to stimulate the non-oil sector of the economy, most notably the informal sector. Government financial support as interventions would have otherwise been a relief in changing the narrative of ugly financial accessibility of participants in the informal sector. The level of financial accessibility and its relationship to the economic performance of participants in the informal sector have been largely understudied. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to assess the shortcomings of current government interventions in the informal sector and to provide a viable financial intervention structure to address these issues. This research included both primary and secondary sources of information. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from respondents. A total of 700 informal sector participant who are mainly SMEs operators, 300 registered and 400 unregistered, were chosen using a purposeful selection technique from the six states of Southwest Nigeria. Data was examined in two ways using SPSS: descriptive and inferential. Thus, the study showed the flaws of the past interventions, such as a faulty programme design, bias in the distribution of financing facilities, a lack of knowledge about the facilities, and convoluted procedures for gaining government funding support.

The Rentier State Theory, the Dutch disease Paradigm, and the natural resource curse are some of the dominant perspectives developed to explain the sociopolitical and economic conditions of oil-rich countries. But the important issues, neglected by these theoretical frameworks, are the high effects of intense budget dependence on oil revenues, revenue fluctuations, and the institutional framework in which policies are made. These factors determine the outcome of oil revenues to society and under this circumstance, efficient policies to deal with socioeconomic problems such as inequality are not taken. This paper aims to elucidate the mechanism of interaction between oil revenue dependency, income fluctuation, and the lack of efficient institutions to address the problem of inequality in Iran, an oil-rich country. We ask: what consequences has reliance on oil revenues had for inequality in post-revolutionary Iran?This study adopts a documentary analysis approach, relying on data drawn from reports issued by official institutions including the Central Bank of Iran, the Statistical Center of Iran, and OPEC to investigate the dynamics under consideration.The results demonstrate that both the extent and the trajectory of inequality in post-revolutionary Iran have been closely linked to fluctuations in oil revenues. Two important patterns are particularly noteworthy. First, during periods of revenue windfalls, the upper strata capture a disproportionate share of the benefits. Second, the economy’s structural dependence on oil income, together with the volatility inherent in such revenues and the absence of robust institutional frameworks, has entrenched persistent inequality, while simultaneously generating shifts in inequality that mirror the cyclical changes in oil revenues.