international system

The foreign policy of states determines the way they behave in the international arena. Accurate analysis of official foreign policy documents of a country is helpful in that it shows what the international priorities of a country are at specific periods. This article reviews the U.S. National Security Strategy documents published in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2015 from the perspective of the perception of threats to the U.S. security and perception of the U.S. role in the world. It tries to study the differences and similarities between the Bush and Obama administrations in this regard using a Neoclassical Realist framework. The results show that the Obama administration identified a wider range of threat sources to U.S. national security while providing less detailed solutions to them. Also, as democracy promotion abroad ceased to be a priority in 2015, compared to 2002 and 2006, counterterrorism continues to be at the top of U.S. security agenda. In line with Neoclassical Realism, creation of an international order under U.S. leadership is an important priority mentioned in the NSS of 2015.

International Relations Science has been developed to find an answer to the order puz-zle. The most important subject of processing theories of this field of study is providing an order paradigm between actors of the international system area. This paper aims at determining theories of international relations pertaining to order issue in the post-cold war international system. It seems that the field of international relations is confronted with too many paradigms for an explanation of its subject (order) because of the evolu-tion of its functional framework i.e. international system. Therefore, in reply to reasons of disorders and order issues, some important strategies like balance-driven order, insti-tution-based order, idea-based order, and justice-based order are presented, all of which are described. By the end, it has been tried to present appropriate paradigm indices of order in the current international system.

Researchers use various political science and international relations theories with modifications to analyze Hashemi's foreign policy in the period 1368-1376. Most writers believe Hashemi's foreign policy was realistic according to materialist and rationalist theories, and the power-ideology equation changed in favor of power during this period. Others, using liberal-capitalist approaches, argue that Hashemi's government tended to converge with international economic and financial institutions and organizations. However, the above research vacuum is ignoring the government and society identity components in this period and its impact on foreign policy. The identity of political actors has a decisive effect on their behavior in the international arena; therefore, the identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been an influential factor in the foreign policy of this country. With the descriptive-analytical method, the present study aimed to examine the effect of identity ideals on Hashemi's foreign policy. The hypothesis of this research is: Hashemi's policy-making and foreign policy orientation are influenced by the identity components of the domestic executive political elites and the dominance of the Westernist identity discourse over the international system after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The Islamic Revolution victory of Iran in February 1979 has been the source of significant changes in the region and the world and has had a tremendous international impact. Concepts such as the revolution exportation from the beginning of the revolution became the strategy of the Islamic Republic. Undoubtedly, the eight-year Iran-Iraq war had an impact on this policy. The present study aimed to express the effect of these imposed factors on exporting the revolution based on a theoretical framework on the theory of Hagerstrand's diffusion and examining the impact of the imposed war at the domestic and international levels. Based on the results, in contrast to the Islamic Revolution, this influence for governments, especially those that consider it a destructive factor for their government, is prolonged or stopped. And the imposed war became a factor for governments' resistance against the revolution exportation. In contrast, the revolution values have particular importance to the nations that noticed the justice-seeking and anti-arrogance of this revolution. Defense and resistance in the imposed war symbolize oppressed nations' resistance against global arrogance as a desirable pattern of behavior. The primary questions are ‘What effects did the imposed war have on the future of Iran?’ ‘Did these effects play a positive and accelerating or negative and deterrent role in the export of the Islamic Revolution?’ According to the hypothesis, some influences had a deterrent role in exporting the Islamic Revolution by those conditions. They caused the change of idealistic to realistic views. On the other hand, the Iranian nation's voice was a symbol of the government defending the oppressed, so it has caused the export of more and more values of this revolution.

The success of Developmental State in East Asia once again has proved the role of the state in the process of development and shed light on the weakness of Neoclassic theories in their emphasis on the role of the market as a balancing force. One of the necessary variables for the formation of a developmental state is the international context. Like many states in East Asia, the path toward development in post-revolution Iran seems to be through the formation of a developmental state in the context of the existing international system. But the reality is something different. Therefore, the objectives of the present paper are 1 - to study the relationship between the international context and formation of the developmental state in Iran; 2 – to study the role of the United States in the process of formation of the developmental state in Iran; 3 – to study the means the US has employed to block the formation of a developmental state in Iran; and, 4 – to study the role of Iran’s foreign policy behavior in the formation of the developmental state. The main question of the present paper is what are the international obstacles to the formation of a developmental government in the Islamic Republic of Iran? The main hypothesis of this paper is: International context, US hegemonic status in the international system, and various political and economic obstacles and sanctions imposed by the US have prevented the formation of a developmental government in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The findings of the research sustained the hypothesis of this study.

Iran is in one of the most sensitive geopolitical situations in the world, so that the active geopolitical regions with its broad and diverse functions around it have become the focus of gravity of regional and international diplomacy. This situation is affecting Iran in the context of global and regional developments. The geopolitical position of countries over time and under the influence of various factors such as wars, revolutions, changes in the international system and the global system, and changes in the balance of power are constantly changing. Iran has been one of the countries in which its geopolitics has undergone many changes over the past four decades, whose causes can be found in a variety of internal and external geopolitical factors. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical research methodology and libraries to investigate the process of changes in the geopolitical situation in Iran before and after the Islamic Revolution and the imposed war on how and why the process is deeply rooted. The reasoning behind the present article is that the process of Iranian geopolitical developments has been very rapid and in recent decades has been more influenced by the process of internal transformation of Iran's society and internal power potentials, and external and national factors have played a secondary role in this process

Looking at the studies and analyses conducted in the field of Iran's issues with the world, we see the ignorance of Iran's geopolitical aspect. The concern of the present study is why Iran, despite its geopolitical importance, is always analyzed in terms of ideology and political Islam in the international arena? However, given the current geopolitical components and even its future geopolitical advantages, Iran has a potential and actual position and importance at the regional and international levels. The purpose of this study is, first, to highlight the more deliberate neglect of Iran's geopolitical aspect as an existing problem and to show some of its most important effects, and second, to highlight the geopolitical nature of Iran. The data collection method is descriptive-analytical, and they have been analyzed in the framework of the theory of "Geopolitics: The Impact of Politics on Geography" and the analytical framework of "Hermeneutics of Reflection". Based on the analysis of the effects of Iran's geopolitical neglect and with a look at the historical course (contemporary history), the research findings are a set of "historical" and "geopolitical" symbols and signs revealing the importance and determination of Iran's geopolitics, its precedence on political, ideological, cultural aspects, and the error of degradation in terms of geoculture. The result of this study is to ignore Iran's geopolitical aspect, reduce Iran's effective acting power in the international arena by introducing it more as an ideological actor, and put all the pressure on the Islamic Revolution, political Islam and the Islamic State.

Since the Islamic Republic victory, the leaders of the revolution have consistently emphasized that the revolution's Islamic nature has sparked significant transformations in the regional and international order. Grounded in religious beliefs and values, the Islamic revolution has drawn upon Iran's rich cultural, political, and social background, making it a fertile and productive force for change. The first step towards change was the internal political and social transformation of Iran, culminating in the establishment of the Islamic Republic under the banner of "Revolution in the Name of God." This revolution led to transformations in all material and spiritual dimensions of the existing international system. The Islamic Revolution has invalidated materialistic and atheistic theories that explain and interpret revolutions. It has presented a new interpretation and thought based on unity and spirituality and recognized human dignity and social justice globally. The revolution has demonstrated the possibility of forming a community based on justice and spirituality, revived hope in the Islamic and Arab world regarding the defeat of imperialism and Zionism, empowered the front of truth against the front of falsehood, changed the political map of the world, awakened the Islamic nation, changed the balance of power in the Middle East and the world, and presented a model for liberation movements worldwide. These outcomes have had a significant impact on the material and spiritual structures of the international system. The present study, with a descriptive and analytical method and based on the guidance and intellectual framework of the esteemed Leader, will attempt to describe and explain their perspective of the necessity and feasibility assessment of transformation in the new global order

Russia's military attack on Ukraine has had profound consequences not only for the Middle East, but also for the world. The political-security relations of the two countries, have been affected by this war. Since the beginning of Russia's military operation in Ukraine, Tehran has accepted Moscow's rationale for this attack and has shown its political support at the United Nations General Assembly, but Iran has been cautious in fully supporting this war. Iran's approach regarding the war in Ukraine is important in two ways. First, Iran's orientation towards this war affects Tehran's relations with Moscow. Second, this orientation affects Iran's interests in the international system. For this reason, the main question of this article is "What was Iran's attitude towards the war in Ukraine and how did it affect the relations between Tehran and Moscow?" The hypothesis of the authors is that "Iran's approach towards the war in Ukraine has been cautious - it has neither officially condemned nor supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine - this policy is aimed at maintaining and continuing the relations between the two countries. The purpose of this article is to examine the orientations of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the war in Ukraine and its effect on the country's relations with Russia. The authors' method in this research is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach.

This Research seeks to answer the main question that why India should be the permanent member of the Security Council and what is the Iran’s attitude about India’s candidacy? India is a country that is actively involved in United Nations peacekeeping operations, democratic country and has nuclear power. A growing economy and the world's second most populous country. From this view, Membership of India in the Security Council could realize equitable geographical distribution. Considering central role of India in the Non-Aligned Movement would support the interests of developing countries, As well as cause changes in specific uniformity in dominant ideology of security. Considering criticize the IRI to the Security Council unjust structure and history of peaceful, civilization, culture and political relations with India, IRI has positive view about Security Council reform, and India's permanent membership in this Council.

The design and development of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress is a strategic action with extensive national, regional and international dimensions and requirements. The present article tries to review the requirements for the design of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress in the former and latter periods in the field of foreign policy and diplomacy, both at the regional and international levels. The main question of the present article is what are the requirements of foreign policy in designing and formulating an Islamic-Iranian model of progress at regional and international levels? The paper examines these requirements in both the former and latter periods. The former requirements for designing and developing an Islamic-Iranian model of progress include how to use the positive and successful experiences of other countries so that the religious, cultural, geographic and national characteristics of Iran are taken into account and the output of the pattern would be a native pattern. On the other hand, the development of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress, in such a way that this model has the capacity to be presented to the world and also the ability to be transferred to other communities on the level of neighbor, the region, the world of islam, as well as the international level, is one of the most important follow-up considerations.

The victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran at the end of the seventies was one of the important events and developments of the 20th century, whose occurrence surprised all theorists and political analysts. However, assessing the impacts’ dimensions of the Islamic Revolution on the international system was a matter that has still retained its significance from the first years of the victory of the revolution until now, i.e., almost three decades later, which has been an important topic of interest to writers and analysts in the region and around the world.This article is an attempt to evaluate and analyze these effects, through which, the author is trying to discuss the nature and extent of these effects by citing the existing references and evidence using the writings and literature published in this context.