Environment

Our aim in this research is to design a model for children TV education with a cognitive approach to environmental education. People are bombarded by information in the media age, and this subjection to various news has made the learning process hard. Especially because a part of this sort of education is done by these media. The public education whose addressees are the public is done by mass media. As in schools' official education, using cognitive science approach toward education increases the efficiency of education, finding the shaping characteristics of cognitive education on TV can improve the long-distance education, and greatly develop access to children living in villages and remote areas deprived of access to high-quality education. Considering the exploratory and multi-dimensionality aspect of this research, we have used experts from different disciplines (like psychology, communication, and education) by implementing focus groups qualitative research method. The result of our  research in this study shows how the benefit of knowing the characteristics of children's cognitive development in visual and audio fields, and also utilizing the principles of cognitive education in drawing attention, analyzing and solving problems can have a longer-term effect on cognitive distance education so that children can have better and more lasting learning about environmental issues, and so that the location limitations may not delay the vital education about environmental issues to remote areas. 

The pursuit of sustainable development requires balancing the objectives of FDI, Trade, economic growth and environmental protection. Achieving a balance between these often-conflicting priorities is difficult enough at the national level, where competing interests are at least grounded in a common environmental, social and economic context. At the international level, where different countries have vastly different circumstances and priorities, it is significantly harder. One of the many ways in which this challenge manifests itself in the real world is in the conflict between the desire to promote trade by reducing non-tariff barriers and the desire to protect the environment and health through the use of technical regulations and standards.   As competition becomes more global, people are concerned that relatively lenient environmental regulation and lax enforcement in developing countries give them a comparative advantage in pollution intensive goods. Lowering trade barrier may encourage a relocation of polluting industries from countries with strict environmental policy to those with lenient policy. These shifts may increase global pollution, as countries become reluctant to tighten environmental regulations due of their concerns over comparative advantage in international trade. Therefore, trade and FDI may encourage a relocation of polluting industries from countries with strict environmental policy to those with less stringent policy. We call this a pollution haven effect. The pattern of trade depends on which of these effects is stronger. The aim of this paper is to test the validation of the hypothesis of the pollution haven effect on water created by the different industries in the selected countries of Europe and Asia.   Overall, our results show that trade liberalization decreases the BOD emission crated by chemical, food, metal, paper and pulp, textile, wood and other industries but it increases this emission crated by clay and glass industry in the selected EU-Asian countries. JEL Classification : Q51, Q56.

If we go through the evolution of human society, we will come to know that plants have always played important role in human life. Human settlement, quite often, shifted from one place to another in search of natural vegetation. Whether man was hunter, or concentrated on animal husbandry, or even became cultivators, they needed green surrounding for their day-to-day life. The present paper tries to highlight the historicity of botanical environment on the basis of plant remains, from the different archaeological sites of Iran. To ascertain the relationship between human being and plants, in Iran or elsewhere, archaeologists followed various techniques and analyses such as pollen analysis, charred seeds and woods analysis, organic residue analysis as well as ethno- archeology. This paper, particularly on the basis of archaeobotanical analysis, tries to show how the plant and seed remains demonstrate cultural interregional contacts.

The environmental crisis is increasing today and this makes it imperative for people more than ever to expand their understanding of the environmental concepts. Accordingly, films can be an effective tool to do that, but finding the right medium is a matter of debate. Needless to say, different forms of films have different effects. Within the same line, the current paper aims to test out the effectiveness of narrative and non-narrative documentary films on the learning and retention of the environmental concepts. The research method was quasi-experimental, administering a pre-test and a post-test on 20 male and 20 female participants between 20-27 years old. The samples were randomly categorized into two groups. Both groups had an equal number of participants who did not have any earlier  environmental activities and their majors were not related to environment and natural resources studies. They were from a variety of educational backgrounds. The groups were homogenous in terms of GPA, too. Firstly, the pre-test was administered to both groups. One group watched a narrative documentary on environmental and natural resources for 8 weeks, while the other group watched the non-narrative version of the same film for the same period. Then, a learning and retention test was given to both groups. The MANCOVA test was administered on the data and the findings showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of learning and retention. It was concluded that narrative films can have a more significant effect on the learning and retention of the variables.

Hard educational technologies received more attention today while soft educational technology has been considered as one of the keys and effective technologies in teaching and learning. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the use of soft educational technologies in teaching environmental issues in the first to the third grade of elementary science textbooks of Iran and Russia. This study is a descriptive analysis of the content. The statistical population of the study is all the first, second, and third-grade textbooks of sciences in Iran and the world around us in Russia. The statistical sample included environmental issues in the first, second, and third-grade elementary science textbooks of Iran and Russia. The research tool was a researcher-made checklist made by soft educational technology and an environmental health checklist from Yale University. The results showed that allegory and role-playing hadn't used at all to teach environmental issues in Iran. Questions and answers Iran 31.95, Russia 31.64)and comparisons of objects, the discovery of similarities and differences, and conclusions )Iran  20.61, Russia  17.72) have been widely used in both countries. In Iran, more emphasis has been placed on solving problems and carrying out projects(13.40), and more emphasis has been placed on the use of daily life activities(16.45) in teaching in Russia. The results also showed that the use of soft educational technology to teach environmental issues was given more significance in the third grade of an elementary school in both of the countries. Soft technology has been used less in the first grade of the elementary school of Iran but in the second grade of the elementary school of Russia.

Background: Green human resource management is a new topic in the field of human resource management that emphasizes the goal of environmental sustainability. Unfortunately, the growing environmental challenges on the one hand and the neglect of ethical components related to the environment and human resource management in organizations, have created obstacles to the implementation of green human resource management. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of investigating the factors that violate ethics that hinder the implementation of green human resource management. Method: The present study was among the applied researches with a field-survey approach. The study population was experts and specialists in the field of Tehran automotive industry, from which 8 people were purposefully selected as a sample. The tools of analysis were interview and dematel questionnaire. Data were analyzed by fuzzy dematel and fuzzy hierarchical analysis (AHP). Results: Ethical barriers affecting the implementation of green human resource management in three dimensions of organizational, environmental and individual were identified in the form of 51 sub-criteria. The results of weight determination showed that the environmental dimension is one of the causal dimensions and organizational and individual dimensions are effective dimensions and environmental factors are the most important. Conclusion: Organizations, especially in the field of automobile manufacturing, need to have forces aware of the environment. In this way, green human resource management can play an important role in creating green and environmentally friendly ideas by creating a sense of responsibility in its actions and tasks and in cooperation with other forces. Undoubtedly, the first step in training employees to prepare for the implementation of environmental issues is to teach environmental ethics and remove ethical barriers to green human resource management. So that the organization can participate in environmental protection by motivating employees and creating a sense of responsibility in them.

Purpose- The project of valuable rural texture was proposed with the aim of rehabilitating the tourist villages with valuable physical features. Since the project aimed at developing tourism in tourist villages and preserving the local and cultural features of these areas, conducting a research to study the dimensions and effects of rehabilitation of valuable rural texture on rural tourism was of great importance. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the rehabilitation of valuable rural texture and its effect on tourism in the village of Hajij, Kermanshah, Iran. Design/methodology/approach- The two groups of population involved in rehabilitation of the rural residential texture were the local people and the tourists. The tools used in this study to collect data were applied, quantitative, and survey methods. The statistical population consisted of 300 tourists and 95 local people. Findings- The results showed that the rehabilitation of rural valuable texture had positive effects on development of rural tourism. The four variables of attraction of tourists, providing local services to tourists, affecting the performance of governmental and non-governmental organizations and institutions, and the advertising role of rehabilitation of dilapidated texture have been influenced by valuable textures. Local people and tourists were satisfied with the rehabilitation project and reported its great effect on the village. Practical implications- This study showed that the rehabilitation project of rural valuable texture caused harmony and agreement between the village's new texture and body and its traditional and local texture. Furthermore, rehabilitation of valuable texture gravitated the tourists' attention to the village and increased local employment. Nonetheless, there were challenges to the rehabilitation project of valuable rural texture. One of the most important challenge was the adverse effect of rural tourism on the village's environment, causing pollution and destruction of natural environment.

The overall objective of this article is to analyze critically the legal instruments that regulate decommissioning of onshore and offshore platforms in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry vis-à-vis other jurisdictions such as USA, UK, and South Africa with a view to making requisite recommendations for improvement in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry. These recommendations are made against the backdrop of Nigeria’s experience of militancy in the Niger Delta Region between 1999 to 2015 which were necessitated by the complacency and poor or no Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) mechanisms of the multi-national companies in the Region and weak oil and gas legislations in Nigeria. It is palpable that the militancy was engendered by political, religious, ethnic, and more importantly, economic reasons. The economic reason was anchored on 5 decades of irredeemable ecological devastation of the region by the oil companies exploration and exploitation activities. To this end, this work recommends that a comprehensive legal framework on decommissioning is urgently required to be enacted due to the fact that the 170 petroleum platforms in the Niger Delta Region are nearing their useful lifetime.

The present article analyzes two of Marsha Norman’s groundbreaking plays, Getting Out (1977) and ’night, Mother (1983), in the light of ecofeminism. From the viewpoint of ecological feminism, Western patriarchal culture, which is structured in a hierarchical and dualistic manner, is responsible for the domination of women as well as the destruction of the natural environment. Broadly speaking, ecofeminist studies fall into two main categories: social ecofeminism and cultural ecofeminism. Considering the theories and positions of both groups, the researchers analyze how ‘nature’ and ‘women’ have been historically, socially, and culturally oppressed by hierarchical and dualistic structures of patriarchal capitalism; and discuss how Norman in her selected plays challenges and destabilizes such structures. Accordingly, it is concluded that Norman’s conception of woman-nature connection corresponds more closely to the theories and positions held by social ecofeminists than those of cultural ecofeminists, and that she considers woman-nature affinity as more of a sociocultural product than a biological fact.

This article will portray Atwood’s Alias Grace (1996) from an Eco-critical viewpoint. The real concern of eco-criticism is to create an eco-literary discourse to produce an interactive approach between the language of nature and the literary language. Likewise, Gregory Garrard explored a different way between humans and environment in the area of cultural spheres in his article in 2016. Garrard wrote a well-known book, Eco-criticism, in 2004 and explored concepts of this approach like: pollution, wilderness, dwelling, animals, and the earth. This type of awareness in literature is significant because of both the current environmental crisis and possible disasters in the future. As such, nature signifies a metaphor for life in the environment. Apart from that, a rural landscape has a profound impact not only on characters, but also on humans the world over. Meanwhile, Atwood followed a creative path which identifies environmental crisis as a modern problem with eccentric human nature as a key element in global ecological concerns. Hence, the main purpose of the current article is looking for a close relationship between humans and nature in the literature which has been ignored in many criticisms.  Finding enough harmony with nature will be a plausible result of it.

To be in line with the new environmental paradigms, the present study aims to design an Eco-friendly marketing pattern in Iran’s oil industry. The methodology is a sequential exploratory one. In the qualitative section, grounded theory is used. The creative data were gathered through a theoretical sampling of in-depth, semi-structured interviews of 15 experts from the oil industry. The initial model of the research was achieved with 19 (major) factors which were divided into 6 aspects according to the experts’ views: causal circumstances, the major factor, background circumstances, interventions, strategies and consequences. Next, in the quantitative section, the validity of the research was investigated through a surveying method and the questionnaire tool. The statistical population includes a limited number of managers and experts from the oil industry in research and planning fields, counting up to 170 people from whom 118 were selected through random sampling. After evaluating the reliability of the questionnaire, the questions themselves were validated and their number was narrowed down. Carrying out an explanatory factor analysis, the components were reduced to 14 and the dimensions to 5. The relationship between the dimensions was assessed through the correlation test and then the final pattern was designed. Eventually, the theory of the study was developed under the supervision of experts. The significant results of this study were finding the interventions, including productivity, governmental support, social institutions, and sustainable development along with the strategies, including reviewing the energy section structure, improving the managers’ perspectives and developing the green investments.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of attention to the environmental crisis issue in elementary school textbooks. The method is Shannon entropy. The unit of analysis contains texts, activities, and images that 3961 pages were totally reviewed. The statistical population consisted of elementary school books and all of them were selected as samples. The components and indicators of the environmental crisis were extracted from documents and earlier sources and checked out in the books. The research content validity was obtained using CVR which was 0.90 and confirmed, and the reliability was 0.98 based on the agreement coefficient. Findings have shown that in elementary books, a total of 68 cases were referred to the environmental crisis; 19 cases were related to the soil crisis, 18 cases were related to water, 18 of them were related to noise crisis and 13 subjects were related to air crisis. Also, the highest coefficient of importance was related to the soil crisis component (0.411) and the lowest coefficient of importance was related to the air crisis component (0.204). Among the textbooks; science books dealt with the environmental crisis more than any other book. In the next place were the Farsi books (reading) and finally the social studies books. No other cases for the attention to the environmental crisis were observed in the other elementary school textbooks.

Despite nearly two decades from Agenda 21 adoption, emphasizing the design and implementation of sustainable development indicators, there is no consensus on Sustainability indicators for designing and evaluating it to be acceptable to all elites and experts around the world. Recently, the issue of Intergenerational justice in sustainable development has been of great importance. This paper addresses the identification of environmental indicators related to intergenerational justice for sustainable development. The method of this research is qualitative and with respect to the target, it is an exploratory study. The participants in this study were 18 academic and executive experts selected by purposeful and non-probable methods. Interviews were analyzed through the thematic analysis method, and later the MAXQDA software was used to display the grid. The result of this research was the identification of 43 sub-themes in the form of nine themes. The themes were natural resources, social capital, laws and regulations, spatial planning, renewable energy, environmental vulnerability, environmental health and sustainability, environmental performance, and ecological footprint.

Today, managers in the public and private sectors consider having knowledge of laws and green issues to be important and necessary for the survival of their organizations. Therefore, human resources are one of the most important factors in environmental management and must be involved in strategic decisions. Green Human Resource Management focuses on the company's environmental management practices, in which human resource management acts as a platform for linking human resource management actions to the company's environmental management activities. The world is really entering and experiencing a green economy. Green economy is one of the new topics of scientific societies in recent decades, which aims at human welfare, social justice and creating confidence in environmental protection along with economic growth. The success of a company's environmental management depends on the environmentally friendly behavior of its employees. Because their behavior improves the company's environmental performance. Given that the research article is a promotional article with a review of resources and previous research, finally provides practical solutions for the development and evolution of human resources in the framework of green management that can be defined by variables in future research.

Admiration for environment in general needs to be profoundly rooted in an understanding of History. Urban history is unique not only in the fact that it reflects climate but also in that it cuts across many different fields. In most schools of urban studies many aspects of science and technology are taught with relation to design in order to attain skills for practice. During a student’s later career they may not lead to a respect for environment, and do not lead in particular, to an understanding of energy issues and climatic impacts on urban form. The aim of this paper is to stimulate the environment consciousness of urban history instructors as well as researchers. It demonstrates similarity in spatial aspects of settlements differing in cultures and tradition but similar in environment.The examples range from ancient to present day urban configurations.

Without the surrounding environment of a site, architecture loses its full meaning. In the evolution of the design process, a site's environment should be understood as the integral factor within which a designed product or artifact is expected to perform. The environment is not of secondary priority. Every building is intertwined with its context; context being its physical, visual and ecological potentials. Modern day practice encourages the consideration of ecological factors in any plan to create/alter sites even for those who are not landscape architects. In the pedagogy of Tehran architecture schools today, the architectural design process barely touches upon landscape environment; this is a flawed presentation of architecture which should be remedied. In common practice of Iranian education, buildings rise to represent only themselves. The graduates of this lacking method owe their mal-education to the problematic studio education system. This paper presents both qualitative and quantitative evidence to support the notion that Tehran schools should change their teaching methodology to accommodate the importance of environment in the architectural design process. All research participants are students of architecture. The data, which includes content analysis exports and log-linear analysis, presents the difference between the students' point of view regarding a designed building and its relationship with the surrounding landscape.