مطالب

The present review aims at designing and validating a model of Professional Learning Community for the technical and vocational schools of the upper secondary level.This research is conducted through a qualitative approach and applies the method of Grounded Theory. A Targeted Selection approach was applied for selecting the documents, including all academic sources related to the subject, which constituted the research statistical population of the study. Sixty titles were selected. In addition, Chain Sampling, one of the methods of Targeted Sampling was applied to select the individuals for the interviews and validation sections. Using the Theoretical Saturation method, seventeen individuals for designing the model and for the first phase of validation and forty-two individuals for the second phase of the validation (which assesses the extent to which the model can be executed) participated. Also, the data collection methods employed in each phase included a Semi-Structured Interview for the first phase and a Researcher-Made Questionnaire for the second phase. For analyzing the documents, Qualitative Content Analysis and for analyzing the interview transcripts Inductive Analysis and the coding of Grounded Theory was applied. Results: The results demonstrated that the structure of the professional learning community includes 21 elements that were identified. The model is delineated in 5 steps Plan, Establish, Implement, Modify and Assess, and is validated in two phases. Validation results illustrated a remarkable degree of consistency between the interviewees in the first (structure and elements of the model) and the second (the degree to which the model is executable) phases

One of the most important issues in the economy is the role of government in the process of eco-nomic growth and development. Production is a complex and social activity that requires all its con-texts and resources to achieve proper production for society. Therefore, the issue of importance is the manner and quality of government intervention in matters related to the economy and the wel-fare of the people, not the extent of this intervention. In Iran, there is always disagreement among thinkers on which institution is responsible for development. For some, the government has a duty to take the lead in development and to push it forward, but for others, the government is not a good institution to promote development. These groups play a minimal role for the government. This study, by comprehensively examining these two different approaches, examines the views and ideas of three prominent scientists and experts in the field of political economy and focuses on the role of government in development. Azimi introduced development in a more general way and believed that complete development is not possible without the development of all structures. According to him, in the developed world, structural guidance (structuring in the presence of technical domi-nance) is unnecessary and short-term guidance is necessary. The importance of the government in the development process is so great in the idea that the main and most important institution of de-velopment is the "government based on democracy"; And he puts the judiciary and the media in the next ranks. Reiis Dana considers the state to be class in nature and does not examine the state sepa-rately from the global relations of capitalism. This lack of attention has always caused development in a fragmented, unbalanced and unsuccessful country. According to Reiis Dana, development in Iran is due to the development of capitalism, because capitalist development in the world is growing unevenly. Nili believes that government intervention in development, in addition to inefficiency, deprives people of their freedoms. Therefore, Nili looks at the issue from another angle and defends government restrictions on the economy and development by prioritizing freedom over social jus-tice.