مطالب

Background: Ethics are closely tied to people’s beliefs, values, ​​and ideals, and custom assumes a special sacredness for morality. The present study attempts to investigate the role of ethics in civil liability law and the ethical aspects of fault and compensation of damages arising from faults. Through analyzing ethics and its philosophy as well as investigating the ethical theories, the present study also aims to investigate the effects of ethics on civil liability theories. Moreover, by examining the contents of the first part, this study examines the principles of civil liability of the transport operator. Conclusion: Regarding human’s ethical liability, there are two main views in ethical philosophy. First, there is a retrospective view stating that human is responsible for his decision-making power and voluntary actions. Second view is a prospective one holding human responsible for the consequences of his/her actions. Much of the theory of civil liability is inspired by these two views. In the field of transportation, the legal relationship between the sender and the operator of the multimodal transport, under a single contract, is called the multimodal transport contract. The basis of transport operator liability in single-mode conventions is diverse. The basis of liability in The Hague and Warsaw Conventions is based on fault. As for the liability of operators of shipping terminals in international trade (1994), the Hamburg, CMR, CIM, Montreal and the United Nations Conventions are based on presumed liability.

The Nowruz speeches of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution are considered as drawing the lines of the country's one-year plans in line with long-term policies and macro-goals of the system. Therefore, paying attention to these statements and their scientific analysis to identify problems and provide practical solutions to overcome them, it seems necessary. The purpose of this article is to analyze the content of the speeches of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution between 2016- 2020 and to answer the main question of what axes and categories the Supreme Leader has focused and emphasized in his speeches at the beginning of each year. What are the problems and difficulties mentioned? The research method used is quantitative and qualitative content analysis. In this method, the basic axes hidden in the text, the relationship between the categories as well as the time conditions or in other words, the conceptual model of each lecture have been extracted. The research findings show that during the five years in question, the main focus of leadership discussions in the opening speech of each year was economic issues and the Supreme Leader of the Revolution has always emphasized the issue of economics and in particular the "resistance economy" approach. In addition to the resistance economy, the Supreme Leader also stressed the main issue of Iran's foreign policy, namely Borjam, and the need for hostility, especially regarding how to interact with the United States and Europe.

The subject of resistance mainly brings to mind the "Islamic Resistance Front" in the West Asian region. However, the Resistance Front is only a part of the resistance discourse. The purpose of this article is to explain the theory and experience of the resistance as a discourse. Resistance in the political thought and action of the Supreme Leader is a discourse rooted in the Qur'an, the history of Islam, Iran and especially the first four decades of the Islamic Revolution. According to these religious, historical and political principles, the discourse of resistance is the guiding role of the Islamic Revolution in step The second plays the Islamic Revolution. Resistance is a comprehensive discourse that includes various areas of domestic and foreign policy of the Islamic Republic. In this article, the roots, levels and function of the resistance discourse are explained based on the statements of the Supreme Leader and especially the supreme document of the second step of the Islamic Revolution. The data of this research have been extracted from the first category sources including the statements of the Supreme Leader and the latest sources and have been processed by descriptive-analytical method. Keywords: Resistance Discourse, Second Step Statement, Islamic Revolution, Supreme Leader, Dominance System