درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The traditional military technologies and methods at sea have undergone many changes since the approval of naval warfare documents and have developed in such a way that they will transform future naval wars, and these developments necessitate the transformation of rights. It leads to a naval war. Cyber war has been accepted as one of the methods of war along with other land, sea, air, and space methods, but the difference between this method and other methods is that each of the mentioned territories can be used as a base to carry out a cyber-attack. The emergence of cyber capabilities in the sea means that naval forces are always more connected which leads to greater vulnerability at sea. The purpose of this brief is specifically to examine the cyber-attack at sea from the perspective of the law of maritime armed conflicts. Therefore, the ability to apply international humanitarian law and the rules governing the law of maritime warfare in the case of a cyber-attack at sea will be interpreted and investigated. Methodology: The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical, and the process of collecting library information is reference, by referring to sources through books, documents, periodicals, and the Internet, we obtain research data.   Findings and conclusion: The findings of the research indicate many ambiguities in applying the law of maritime conflict to maritime cyber warfare, but humanitarian law can be used with all modern tools, which has been supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross in recent decades.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: During natural and man-made crises and hazards, global pharmaceutical supply chains have experienced fluctuations in demand, production capacity issues, and distribution problems. The prevention and management of these challenges are crucial for maintaining public health, as the scarcity of essential medicines, vaccines, and blood products can pose severe health risks and hinder medical care. The present research aimed to develop a model of pharmaceutical cold logistics management during and facing maritime crises. Following a practical objective, this study is exploratory-descriptive in nature and benefits from a mixed methods design. Methodology: The statistical population of the research includes academic and military experts in the field of Supply Chain Management and Maritime Crisis Management. They involve 20 in the qualitative phase using purposive sampling and 120 constitute samples in the quantitative phase using convenience sampling. The qualitative phase was run through conducting semi-structured interviews, and a questionnaire was administered in the quantitative part. Data were qualitatively analyzed through thematic analysis, and a partial least squares (PLS) structural equation was run to quantitatively analyze the questionnaire. Findings and conclusion: Results showed that the drug cold logistics management during the crisis includes the main themes of the application of emerging technologies, information and communication management, pharmaceutical supply and distribution management, quality and trust management, and pharmaceutical supply chain audit. Based on the quantitative findings, the structural model of the research was approved, possessing sufficient validity according to the quality indices. Finally, the results of ranking the dimensions of the research based on the Friedman test showed that the application of emerging technologies in the management of maritime crises had the highest importance, and the pharmaceutical supply chain audit was found to be the lowest priority in the management of maritime crises.