درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The two-volume book *Selected Articles on International Law, Adjudication, and Arbitration* by Dr. Seyed Jamal Seifi, a distinguished international arbitrator and former judge at the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal, compiles articles published over three decades in Iranian legal journals. Volume 1, published in 2023, contains twelve articles divided into three sections: Arbitration (4 articles), the International Court of Justice (4 articles), and the Substance of International Law (4 articles). Volume 2, published in 2024, includes eight older articles from 1994 to 2011, organized into two sections: International Arbitration and Adjudication (4 articles) and the Substance of International Law (4 articles). The articles reflect Dr. Seifi’s dual expertise in international arbitration and public international law, addressing topics such as the evolution of arbitration, the role of the International Court of Justice, and contemporary issues in international law, including state sovereignty, investment arbitration, and the legal regime of the Caspian Sea. The review highlights the enduring relevance of these articles, particularly in light of recent developments in international law, and underscores their contribution to enriching Iran’s legal scholarship. The collection serves as a valuable resource for understanding the intersection of international arbitration, adjudication, and public international law.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The traditional military technologies and methods at sea have undergone many changes since the approval of naval warfare documents and have developed in such a way that they will transform future naval wars, and these developments necessitate the transformation of rights. It leads to a naval war. Cyber war has been accepted as one of the methods of war along with other land, sea, air, and space methods, but the difference between this method and other methods is that each of the mentioned territories can be used as a base to carry out a cyber-attack. The emergence of cyber capabilities in the sea means that naval forces are always more connected which leads to greater vulnerability at sea. The purpose of this brief is specifically to examine the cyber-attack at sea from the perspective of the law of maritime armed conflicts. Therefore, the ability to apply international humanitarian law and the rules governing the law of maritime warfare in the case of a cyber-attack at sea will be interpreted and investigated. Methodology: The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical, and the process of collecting library information is reference, by referring to sources through books, documents, periodicals, and the Internet, we obtain research data.   Findings and conclusion: The findings of the research indicate many ambiguities in applying the law of maritime conflict to maritime cyber warfare, but humanitarian law can be used with all modern tools, which has been supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross in recent decades.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: During natural and man-made crises and hazards, global pharmaceutical supply chains have experienced fluctuations in demand, production capacity issues, and distribution problems. The prevention and management of these challenges are crucial for maintaining public health, as the scarcity of essential medicines, vaccines, and blood products can pose severe health risks and hinder medical care. The present research aimed to develop a model of pharmaceutical cold logistics management during and facing maritime crises. Following a practical objective, this study is exploratory-descriptive in nature and benefits from a mixed methods design. Methodology: The statistical population of the research includes academic and military experts in the field of Supply Chain Management and Maritime Crisis Management. They involve 20 in the qualitative phase using purposive sampling and 120 constitute samples in the quantitative phase using convenience sampling. The qualitative phase was run through conducting semi-structured interviews, and a questionnaire was administered in the quantitative part. Data were qualitatively analyzed through thematic analysis, and a partial least squares (PLS) structural equation was run to quantitatively analyze the questionnaire. Findings and conclusion: Results showed that the drug cold logistics management during the crisis includes the main themes of the application of emerging technologies, information and communication management, pharmaceutical supply and distribution management, quality and trust management, and pharmaceutical supply chain audit. Based on the quantitative findings, the structural model of the research was approved, possessing sufficient validity according to the quality indices. Finally, the results of ranking the dimensions of the research based on the Friedman test showed that the application of emerging technologies in the management of maritime crises had the highest importance, and the pharmaceutical supply chain audit was found to be the lowest priority in the management of maritime crises.

Background and Theoretical Foundations : The Bab al-Mandeb Strait constitutes one of the most strategically significant international waterways, serving as a vital maritime corridor linking the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and the wider Indian Ocean. Its geopolitical sensitivity arises from the convergence of regional rivalries, global power competition, and the presence of non-state threats, all of which have transformed the Strait into a critical arena for maritime security governance. Under the international law of the sea—particularly the principles governing straits used for international navigation—state behavior in this region carries profound legal and strategic implications. For Iran, whose economy and energy exports rely heavily on secure maritime routes, developments in the Bab al-Mandeb directly affect national interests and influence the direction of its maritime diplomacy. Methodology : This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon international legal instruments, geopolitical analyses, security studies, and academic literature published between 2000 and 2024. By examining regional dynamics, the involvement of global naval powers, and the practices of coastal states, the study evaluates how these intertwined legal and geopolitical factors shape the Strait’s security environment. The research further analyzes Iran’s maritime diplomacy and strategic naval deployments within the framework of customary international law and UNCLOS principles. Findings : The analysis indicates that the Bab al-Mandeb Strait has become increasingly affected by multilayered geopolitical competition, including regional conflicts, great-power rivalry, and the activities of non-state actors. These conditions have amplified the vulnerability of maritime traffic and heightened the need for effective cooperative security mechanisms. Within this context, Iran’s maritime diplomacy—centered on legal compliance, anti-piracy operations, and bilateral cooperation with Red Sea littoral states—has contributed to safeguarding its sea lines of communication. Iran’s strategic naval presence in the northern Indian Ocean and near the Bab al-Mandeb has enhanced maritime security, strengthened its legal standing as a responsible maritime actor, and supported the stability of international navigation. Conclusion : The findings demonstrate that the security of the Bab al-Mandeb Strait is deeply influenced by the legal and geopolitical behavior of regional and global actors. Iran’s reliance on maritime diplomacy and strategically justified naval presence constitutes an essential component of its broader security and foreign policy. While geopolitical tensions continue to challenge the stability of this critical chokepoint, Iran’s legally grounded maritime engagement provides opportunities for strengthening regional cooperation, enhancing navigational safety, and safeguarding national interests. Future research should explore multilateral legal frameworks and confidence-building measures that could reduce tensions and support sustainable security governance in international straits.