درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Today, numerous studies have investigated the role and effects of intangible assets on companies' performance. The existence of extensive literature regarding the use of intangible assets as a competitive advantage, in addition to the importance of performance dimensions affected by these assets, is the focus of the attention of various researchers. Regarding examining the performance dimensions of banks, the CAMEL model can be a suitable basis for evaluating the effects of intellectual capital. Although there are many models for calculating intellectual capital, the added value of the intellectual coefficient is still one of the most common methods. Therefore, in the current research, the effects of intellectual capital (based on the calculation model of the coefficient of added value of intellectual capital) on the performance of banks (based on the CAMEL model) have been investigated. Also, the shape of the function (linear or nonlinear) has been investigated in this research. The results show that the value added of the intellectual capital coefficient in the ninth quantile has a significant relationship with the variable of capital adequacy. The form of the relationship is nonlinear and inverted U. This variable affects the quality of assets in the seventh to ninth quantiles, management in the eighth and ninth quantiles, income in the first and second and sixth to ninth quantiles, and liquidity in the first to fourth quantiles. The shape of the function is U, inverse U, and inverse U, respectively.

The development of the nation’s economy is supported by the growing diversity and enthusiasm of interest among academics, particularly in the transforming procedures with an entrepreneurial orientation. The study investigates changing entrepreneurial-oriented practices and the performance of SMEs utilizing a cross-sectional survey amongst the four top grocery registered SMEs operating in Ikorodu local government division of Lagos State, Nigeria. The tool for gathering data is a questionnaire with two sections: bio-data and research questions. While 100 respondents formed the sample size proportionally selected from the study focus. Pearson correlation is the statistical tool for data analysis. The study reveals that creativeness and alleviation of business loss have a highly significant impact on SMEs performance; with pro-activeness having a weak, but positive relevance on SMEs performance. In conclusion, to further improve and optimize entrepreneurial orientation practices and adapt to future threatening changes, firms need to strengthen the desire for healthy competition, identifying and targeting the weaknesses of their competitors. It is recommended that more innovativeness should be sought after as guiding principles for capability and adaptability to handle the complexity of the ever-changing business surrounding, while involvement in risk-taking should be adopted with inevitable zeal and willingness to attain organizational growth and improved performance. Pro-activeness should be given adequate consideration to maintain and surpass existing performance as opportunities come but once. Despite study limitations, future researchers may need to enlarge the sample size and create awareness of research conducted on SMEs generally. Keywords: Change, Entrepreneurial orientation, Performance, Practices, SMEs.

The positive impacts of fiscal policy could be undermined when accompanied by uncertainty. We examined the effect of fiscal policy uncertainty on economic activities in the provinces of Iran. It includes production, investment, unemployment, and economic participation of the active workforce in these provinces, taking into account the effects of economic sanctions imposed on the economy. We employed two types of shocks: fiscal level shock (representing fiscal policy) and its volatility shock (as fiscal policy uncertainty), which derived from a specified fiscal reaction function. We estimated a Panel VAR model using provincial data from 2003 to 2020. The results of the impulse response function indicated that following the impulse in the fiscal policy uncertainty, the response shows an increase in the unemployment rate in the short run, a decrease in the capital investment, and an increase in the inflation rate in the short and medium terms. In the medium and long term, the response indicates a decrease in GDP growth and a reduction in the economic participation rate of the active workforce.

In today’s global economy, sports, especially football, have become key drivers of economic activity, with an estimated fan base of five billion worldwide. Professional football is no longer just entertainment; it has evolved into a dynamic sector that makes substantial contributions to employment and economic output. Football clubs, as multifaceted economic entities, engage in competition not only on the field but also within a fiercely competitive commercial and financial environment. This study employs the Data Envelopment Analysis method to assess the economic performance and growth potential of Iran’s football industry. By analyzing data from 48 football clubs—including a selected group of international benchmarks and eight clubs from Iran’s Premier League—the research provides a comparative evaluation of technical efficiency across diverse organizational and market contexts. The results highlight a stark contrast between benchmark clubs and Iranian clubs. Only a handful of international clubs are positioned on the efficiency frontier, while Iranian clubs show inefficiency levels exceeding 90%, indicating a significant performance gap. This suggests a latent growth potential of more than 700% in critical areas such as revenue, market value, and global competitiveness. The findings underscore the need for institutional, financial, and managerial reforms to address these inefficiencies and unlock the considerable economic potential of Iran’s football industry. Improving technical efficiency could significantly boost the international standing of Iranian clubs and contribute to the broader development of the country’s sports economy.

Technological progress has transformed the payment industry. Although alternative payment instruments such as bank cards share some characteristics with banknotes, they are not direct competitors to cash. First, cash possesses unique attributes—its functionality without electrical power and its inherent anonymity. Second, statistical data indicate that the ratio of cash to M1 has stabilized at approximately 10% in recent years, primarily due to its substitution with demand deposits. In this paper, we model the demand for banknotes by incorporating technology-related characteristics alongside conventional theories of money demand. Our approach has important implications for central bank, particularly in liquidity management, currency issuance, effective management of physical currency, and continued investment in digital payment infrastructures. We adopt a macroeconomic perspective that considers banknote demand from both transactional and asset viewpoints. To this end, we estimate an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, which allows us to analyze both short-term and long-term coefficients within a framework of model uncertainty. A key focus of our study is the estimation of a payment system development index using logistic growth and Gompertz models, through which we assess its impact on cash demand. Our empirical evidence supports the notion of S-shaped growth in the adoption of payment technologies. The findings demonstrate that advancements in the payment sector have led to a significant decline in cash demand. Moreover, while increased real economic activity exerts a positive and significant influence on cash demand, a higher opportunity cost of holding cash has a pronounced negative impact.