درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper focuses on the fragmentation of the production stages in a related production process. Comparing alternative technologies that produce similar goods, one with fewer production stages and the other with a greater number requires a holistic perspective for the entire production sequence. What matters is not only the strength of production links but also the length of the links, determined by the number of production stages. In this study, using the Inter-Country Input-Output table (ICIO) including Iran in 2016, We quantify the production status of 42 activities for 68 countries and the rest of the world, with a focus on the Iranian economy. To achieve this, we concentrate on the global output supply chain and input demand chains, specifically considering Iran. We use the output upstreamness (OU) measure and input downstreamness (ID) measure to quantitatively determine the relative positions of Iran's economic activities along the global output supply chain and input demand chain, respectively. This study provides insights into countries with the highest and lowest IDs globally, attributing them to industrial and agricultural activities, respectively. Iran's lower ID is explained by its role as a main supplier of natural resources, particularly in activities like oil and natural gas extraction.

Civilization plays a central role in Ali Shariati's intellectual framework, to the extent that understanding his broader philosophical system is nearly impossible without comprehending his views on the concept of civilization and the evolution of human society throughout history. This article seeks to explore Shariati’s approach to civilization by employing the dynamic framework of Thomas A. Spragens and addressing five interconnected questions: What is the concept of civilization? What are the characteristics that shape human nature? What are the obstacles to human development? What are the factors that can free humanity from these obstacles? And, finally, what drives the progress of human civilization? The findings of this study shows that Shariati views civilization as the collective achievements and accumulated knowledge of human society, which do not naturally exist in the environment but are created by humans due to three inherent qualities: self-awareness, free will, and creativity. These attributes are inherited from God and exist as latent potentials within each individual. To actualize these qualities, however, humanity must overcome four determinisms: nature, history, society, and the self. According to Shariati, the gradual mastery over these four constraints leads to the formation of civilization. Throughout historical processes, humans gradually liberate themselves from these external and internal forces. In this transformation, individuals evolve from beings shaped by nature, society, history, and the self into creators of nature, society, history, and the self. As a result, their divine-like attributes—self-awareness, will, and creativity—reach full potential, leading them to the ultimate ideal of a true, exemplary human, which in Shariati's view, is a near-divine figure.