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The present study, using a sequential mixed-methods design, mainly aims at determining the extent to which teacher stroke and teacher time perspective contribute to teacher creativity. In doing so, the participants consisted of 110 EFL students from English private institutes in the quantitative phase of the study, and a pool of eight learners were selected to participate in the qualitative phase of the study. A number of instruments were used to measure teacher stroke, time perspective and creativity. To analyze the data, the Pearson moment-to-moment correlation, multiple regression, content-based categorization, and inter-coder reliability were used. The results revealed that there was a statistically significant association between teacher stroke and teacher creativity as well as between teacher time perspective and teacher creativity. Furthermore, the results of multiple regression determined that teacher time perspective was the most possible predictor of teacher creativity since this variable provided the most robust contribution to explaining teacher creativity. The results elicited from the responses to the interviews with the students provided nine themes including: positive feelings, energizer, motivation, time management, involvement, fun, active participation, self-confidence, and trying something new. Finally, a number of practical implications are offered from EFL teachers and students and some further suggestions are made.

Cet article porte sur la traduction économique français-persan. S’appuyant sur la théorie de la Stylistique comparée, élaborée par Vinay-Darbelnet, il a pour but de déterminer quels procédés sont à la disposition du traducteur pour l’aider à résoudre les difficultés qu’il rencontre. Quelles sont les meilleures façons de traduire des termes techniques ? Quels sont les procédés les plus efficients ? Cette analyse se penche ainsi sur les principaux enjeux de la traduction du texte économique. Les textes financiers et bancaires se situant dans la sphère des textes spécialisés, mais aussi dans celle des textes des Sciences humaines, la principale problématique de leur traduction serait liée d’abord à la terminologie, mais aussi à la structure syntaxique particulière de ce genre de texte. Les enjeux seraient donc de trouver de bons équivalents aux niveaux lexical et phraséologique, mais aussi de plier (et non pas forcer) les longues phrases et les phrases complexes du texte français à la structure syntaxique de la langue persane.

Despite extensive research on factors influencing student engagement (SE) from a positive psychology perspective, the connection between adaptability and SE has been underexplored. The present study investigates the relationship between learners' adaptability, plurilingual and pluricultural competence (PPC), and SE in second language acquisition, guided by the PERMA model, which posits that well-being consists of Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (Seligman, 2018). The researchers employed stratified random sampling to collect data from 599 male and female Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. These students then completed questionnaires, including the PPC scale (Galante, 2022), the adaptability scale (Feng et al., 2005), and the SE scale (Lam et al., 2014). Findings have shown that adaptability significantly predicts enhanced PPC, which in turn fosters greater SE. However, analysis of covariate variables revealed that gender and age were not significant predictors of PPC. Grade was a significant predictor of engagement, and language background was a significant predictor of PPC. These results underscore the importance of integrating adaptability training and PPC development into EFL curricula to cultivate culturally responsive learning environments and enhance SE. Further research is needed to determine the moderating roles of demographic variables. This will contribute to a more engaged, adaptable, and globally competent student body, better prepared for success in diverse contexts.

La conception classique qui préconise la non-traduction des textes sacrés, est aujourd’hui fortement mise en question. Les études récentes réalisées par les traductologues et linguistes démontrent les paradoxes dans les différentes pratiques concernant le transfert du sens des métaphores dans les textes sacrés. Dans leur ouvrage The Theory and Practice of Translation, Nida et Taber développent le concept d'« équivalence dynamique » (« dynamic equivalence »), selon lequel une traduction réussie doit, avant tout, chercher des équivalences dans la langue-culture cible afin de produire le même effet que le texte original. Dans l’étude présente, nous essayons d’identifier les choix traductifs des mots de l'arabe en français dans la traduction de Muhammad Hamidullah et de Dr. Fakhri. Nous avons choisi les dix dernières sourates du Coran comme modèle, car elles contiennent des versets riches en métaphores et des mots difficiles à traduire, ce qui pose des défis aux traducteurs.                                                                                                                           Cette comparaison est faite selon la théorie de Nida et nous cherchons à répondre à la question : quelle traduction se rapproche le plus de la théorie de Nida ?

Postmodern literature possesses distinct characteristics that are evident in both its content and form. This research first attempts to identify the postmodern features in a corpus of English postmodern literature and examines their possible translatability across linguistic and cultural barriers. To this end, a corpus of ten English postmodern short stories by Donald Barthelme along with their corresponding translations into Persian was developed. Drawing on the integrative model of analysis developed for this study, the postmodern features in English stories were identified and their corresponding translations were analyzed at various levels. The results of the study indicate a high degree of translatability for postmodern features, as they experienced minimal transformation during the translation process. In fact, the translated stories remained remarkably postmodern, with the preservation of these features to a significant extent. However, it is important to exercise caution when interpreting this high degree of translatability. While translators may consciously strive to maintain these features, it is also possible that postmodern elements, which are predominantly manifested beyond sentence-level structures, may go unnoticed or remain untouched by translators. Additionally, the preservation of postmodern features in translation could be a result of translators' reluctance to intrude upon the creative process.

While writing skill is extensively studied in EFL contexts, more in-depth research is needed to explore how technology can assist its pedagogy. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of using an automated writing evaluation on Iranian EFL learners’ essay writing. Learning how to reduce errors (in an EFL context) by being corrected at the moment and being exposed to different examples regarding that error in the learners’ new texts through automated writing evaluation (AWE) tends to be the significance of this study. To this end, 50 Iranian EFL learners who were studying at the University of Qom, were randomly chosen. The sample included 25 females and 25 males, whose ages ranged from 19 to 25. The participants were given a pre-test before using AWE software. They were given a topic to write about as a pre-test. After the treatment, an IELTS Task 2 was utilized as a posttest. The IELTS writing band descriptors were used to evaluate the writings. The ANCOVA results showed a remarkable improvement in the essay writing of the EFL learners using an AWE software (i.e., Grammarly). The analysis of interview data revealed that the learners were more enthusiastic about using the AWE feedback because they were corrected while they were writing their essays. Since AWE is discovered to be a helpful device to promote learners’ writing skills, students would also be inspired to become associated with such online learning environments and utilize them earnestly and productively. This research also discovered the learners who got feedback from the AWE device got more prosperous but they also started to ask their teacher to provide more feedback to have AWE feedback and traditional feedback combined. The findings have implications for language teachers, material developers, and curriculum designers.

This study aims to assess the performance of university students through the C-Test and to analyze the extent to which this test is valid in measuring language ability. A standardized C-Test has been created with four brief passages, each containing 20 gaps. The length of each passage varied from 95 to 109 words. Throughout each passage, only the first and last sentences were not changed. The test was taken by 100 students; 39 were male and 61 were female at Al-Nisour University/Department of English in Baghdad, Iraq. The sample consists of two groups. Both groups come from the same school and would receive similar educational input in both cases based on their grade level. The validity and reliability of the C-Test were investigated using various techniques. The study analyzed the performance of Stage 4 and Stage 3 students on the Common Language Proficiency Test in Iraq. The results showed that the test discriminates well between high-ability and low-ability examinees, with no significant difference between the two groups. The Rasch model separation reliability was relatively high, and the data were one-dimensional. The students faced difficulties in guessing the most appropriate words due to their limited English proficiency. The results suggest that developing and implementing this test could significantly improve students' academic achievements in basic foreign language classes in Iraq.

Discourse markers (DMs) play a significant role in both written and spoken language since they function as coherent devices, offering cues and guidance for the understanding of the reader or listener. The frequency of DMs in a language may have a substantial influence on an individual’s competency and overall English abilities. With an increased frequency of using these markers, individuals enhance their ability to form cohesive and logical sentences, hence improving their proficiency as speakers or writers.The goal of this study is to compare how the illustration-interaction-induction (III) and present-practice-produce (PPP) approaches affect the frequency of DMs in the expository writing of Iranian high school students. The study involved a sample of 30 intermediate Iranian EFL learners enrolled in state high schools in the city of Kelachay, Guilan, Iran. The research was conducted across three settings, namely pre-test, treatment, and post-test. Participants were asked to write an expository paragraph as part of the pre-test. During the treatment phase, after the instruction of the DMs using the PPP approach, the participants were asked to write a second expository paragraph. Following the implementation of the III approach as the second intervention phase in the study, the subsequent post-test was conducted, wherein participants were asked to compose one additional paragraph. The three sets of paragraphs were compiled into three learner corpora and analyzed to determine the frequency of DMs. The log-likelihood and effect size calculators demonstrated the superiority of the III approach in terms of the frequency of DMs used in the expository paragraphs of Iranian EFL learners in state high schools. The findings provided robust support for the efficacy of the III approach in the context of teaching DMs.

An appropriate and dynamic teaching method in EFL instruction is crucial for engaging, attracting, and supporting students. This study utilized a mixed-method approach to explore the effectiveness of synthesizing Engagement, Study, and Activation (ESA) with portfolio assessment on Iranian female students' emotive dimensions in writing skills. A total of 177 students participated in the experimental study, completing think-aloud protocols, questionnaires, and interviews. Quantitative analysis through MANOVA and qualitative analysis using NVivo demonstrated significant results. The synthesis of ESA with portfolio assessment yielded the highest mean scores in emotive dimensions related to writing skills, followed by pure ESA application and the control group. Additionally, pure ESA application outperformed conventional instructional methods in overall emotive dimensions. However, the synthetic approach proved to be more effective than pure ESA across all emotive dimensions. Qualitative data from think-aloud protocols and interviews further elucidated the impact of synthetic mechanisms on boredom, hopelessness, anxiety, anger, enjoyment, pride, motivation, motivation and relief. The main implication for the stakeholders is the feasibility, usefulness and applicability of dynamic assessment in accommodating emotive dimensions in the process of both instruction and assessment of language.

personality is one of the essential factors to acquire a second language. The Socio-affective strategy helps learners to adjust emotions and motivations. This study investigated the impact of extroversion and introversion on the using socio-affective strategies. The participants of the study were 26 EFL Iranian students at university level at Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch. The students who were willing to participate were selected from BA/MA/PhD classes. This descriptive quantitative study used two questionnaires. First, the researcher administered the personality questionnaire developed by Cain (2011) to categorize students into two groups of introvert and extrovert. Next, the socio-affective questionnaire was answered by students. The results of the statistical analyses revealed that there is a significant difference between introverts and extroverts in using socio-affective strategies and the mean score of introverts is higher than extroverts. Also, the results of this study revealed that there is a significant difference between introverts and extroverts in using socio-affective strategy in writing skill. The finding of the study suggests implications regarding the use of socio-affective strategies in introverts and extroverts.

Teacher autonomy (TA), including its conceptualization and multidimensionality, has received increasing attention in the past two decades. Notwithstanding many attempts to measure TA, teachers’ capacity for self-directed professional action (CSDPA) has remained under-researched. To address this gap, this article delved into the status of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ CSDPA by developing and validating a questionnaire based on TA literature and semi-structured interviews with teachers. Employing exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the factor structures of 300 Iranian EFL   teachers’ responses were examined in terms of their CSDPA. The analysis results yielded five factors regarding teachers’ CSDPA, including their capacities for self-directed instructional and curricular activities, self-directed institutional actions, self-directed teacher learning activities, self-directed assessment and collegial negotiation activities, and self-directed relational and ethical actions. The research outcomes suggest implications for language teachers, institute principals, and teacher educators to attend to teachers’ autonomy as a key feature of their professional action.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of synchronous and asynchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) on Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension and self-efficacy. To this end, 56 elementary EFL learners were assigned to one of the two experimental groups. Those trained in online video and audio instruction were assigned to the synchronous CMC group (N=27), while the participants who were taught through offline and recorded instruction were assigned to the asynchronous CMC group (N=29). Before and after the treatment, a questionnaire on reading self-efficacy and reading comprehension tests were administered. Independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the reading comprehension and self-efficacy scores of the students in the two groups. Meanwhile, paired samples t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to do a within-group comparison of the pretest and the posttest scores. The findings showed that although both synchronous and asynchronous CMC significantly affected the reading comprehension and the self-efficacy of EFL learners, the synchronous instruction was more effective because the means of the synchronous group in the reading comprehension and self-efficacy posttests were higher than the means in the asynchronous group. This study has important implications for EFL teachers, EFL students, and syllabus designers.

By employing insights from the theory of intertextuality (Bakhtin, 1981; Kristeva, 1980; Popovic 1990) and Farhazad’s Model (2009), this research seeks to shed light on how a versified translation of a poem stands in intertextual relationship with other poems. Through a case study of the translation of “The Solitary Reaper” into Azerbaijani Turkish, the study aims to explore how the Turkish versified translation of this poem stands in intertextual relationship with other poems explicitly and implicitly. The results showed that the author’s Turkish translation of “The Solitary Reaper” stands in an intertextual relationship with Turkish poetry of Shahriar, Zelimkhan Yaqub, Aliagha Vahid, Rowshan Zamir, Seyyed Azim Shairvani and Persian poetry of Shahriar on the one hand and English poem of Wordsworth on the other hand in terms of content and genre. Moreover, the translation of “The Solitary Reaper” is not the English ballad reproduced in Turkish, but a ghazal that quotes from and refers to Wordsworth’s ballad intertextually. In the second attempt, some translations from and into Persian and Azerbaijani Turkish are provided to carry out a crosslinguistic analysis. The results of the paper showed that the themes of poems play a key role in translation. Religious or political poems need different strategies to convey the associated themes. For instance, in the religious poem examined in this study, using loan words to convey the religious themes properly is one of the strategies used by the translator while in the political poem of Ashraf, transferring the harsh tonality of the Turkish poem into Persian is the strategy applied by the translator through phonological transfer to show the political context of the poem in the poet’s revolutionary era.

Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, all face-to-face instruction at higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide has been suspended. Therefore, many institutions and universities relied on online learning to continue the instruction process. The perceptions of teachers and students who went through this experience can provide useful information regarding the success of the online instruction. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of teachers and students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Additionally, it aimed at exploring the main advantages and disadvantages of online instruction during this time. To this end, 250 English language teachers and students were selected from different English language institutes and universities in Iran. Drawing upon Khan et al.’s (2021) questionnaire and an open-ended question, this study showed that both teachers and students had positive perceptions towards online learning and teaching during COVID-19 lockdown despite the fact that some students had not the necessary facilities and infrastructure for online classes. Furthermore, this study showed that validity, reliability, construction, administration, and effectiveness of online assessment was a major concern for both teachers and students. Besides, both groups expressed the benefits of online instruction more than its drawbacks. The results of this study have implications for higher education teachers, and stakeholders to get a better understanding of the students’ and teachers’ perception toward online instruction