درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Much research has been done on semantics of the verbal element of complex predicates (CPr), usually referred to as light verb (LV). Most researchers have confined their studies to a few limited features of light verbs. After criticizing major views proposed by scholars on the semantics of light verbs, this article presents a hypothesis on the formation of complex predicates, arguing that all of which directly or indirectly have roots in incorporation process. This process starts with a complete sentence, incorporating two elements into it and ends in eliminating other elements. Formation of each complex predicate leads to the formation of the constructional schema X+LV0 which sanctions formation of new complex predicates with the same light verb and in the same semantic field. Accordingly, the meaning of light verb in direct incorporation case is the same meaning as its heavy verb, and in indirect incorporation case is dissolved in constructional meaning of the sanctioning schema. The meaning of light verb in each of these two cases could be different and each of them is taken or similar to one of its heavy meanings. There is a third case in which the light verb plays the role of verbalizing element and makes possible for a nonverbal predicate to inflect as a verb. Thus light verbs vary from having completely schematic and non-thematic meanings to their own primary heavy meanings.

Many difficulties learners experience during language learning interfere with their performance, and those associated with their psychology play an integral role in this process. Underpinned by Bandura’s social cognitive theory and Dweck’s implicit theory of intelligence, this article explored how language mindsets influenced female EFL learners’ cognitive engagement through the mediation of risk-taking. Following a quantitative design and drawing on stratified sampling, the researchers ran the Power Analysis Calculator and selected 384 language learners from six institutes of Tabriz, Iran. The data were collected by three questionnaires, including the Language Mindset Inventory of Lou and Noels (2017), University Student Engagement Inventory (USEI) designed by Maroco et al., (2016), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) of Patton, Stanford and Barratt (1995). The PLS-SEM analysis showed that learners’ growth mindsets were directly related to cognitive engagement. Furthermore, risk-taking significantly mediated this relationship. This finding provides some implications for school psychology to develop in students self-theories that highlight growth and competence instead of limitation and inactivity.

This study examined the correlation between advanced EFL students' syntactic knowledge and their writing and speaking proficiency to determine whether students' syntactic knowledge can influence their productive skills. A total of 50 advanced students aged between 18 and 25 were chosen purposefully to take part in the study. Four tests, including a placement test, a syntax test from Oxford University Press, a writing test, and one test for speaking proficiency were employed to collect the required data. Because the data for this study were quantitative, a correlational/descriptive design was chosen for the data to be analyzed. The researcher then decided to find a correlation between the students' writing and speaking scores and their syntax scores based on the obtained data. Both the t-test and the Pearson correlation demonstrated that there is no real correlation between the syntactic, speaking, and writing proficiency of the students. Further findings showed that there is no difference between the relationship between syntactic knowledge and speaking proficiency and the relationship between syntactic knowledge and writing proficiency. The implication of this study is that grammatical competence is not a valid predictor for the proficiency of students in writing and speaking courses. If a student’s grammatical competence is low, his proficiency in writing and speaking can still be average or even above average depending on the process of assessing these skills. Additionally, learners must understand that possessing a strong grasp of grammatical knowledge does not inevitably ensure their ability to produce language effectively in spoken or written form.

Many studies on L1 and/or L2 pragmatic competence are constrained by universalist orientations towards sociopragmatics and overlook the idiosyncratic cultural scripts and schemas of underexplored languages and cultures. Particularly neglected is the complicating role of Iranian cultural schema of a (dis-)belief in the evil eye with regards to the speech act of complimenting (and responding to it); actually, the schema is hypothesized (Talebzadeh & Rajabi, in preparation; Younesi & Talebzadeh, 202) to pose intricate interactional challenges for both parties due to the possible interpretations of and (non-)verbal responses to compliments (as predominantly Face-Saving Acts versus potentially Face-Threatening Acts). Moreover, still unknown is the way these could confound EFL learners’ cross-cultural communications. To address these gaps, we present the second phase of a more comprehensive study of compliment response (CR) behaviors of Iranian respondents while checking the adequacy of our proposed model (inspired by Herber’s taxonomy). To qualitatively and quantitatively examine the CRs of fifteen proficient Iranian female learners of English, we initially collected the data using two sets of Discourse Completion Tasks (DCT) (in Persian and English) consisting of a variety of situations and variables (e.g., social distance and compliment topics). Then, follow-up semi-structured interviews were conducted to tap into the participants’ (non-)beliefs in the evil eye and its presupposed effects on their compliment exchanges. The findings underscore the adequacy of our modified model and the particularities of Iranian cultural schemas. Specifically, being a widespread belief, evil-eye is shown to play a pivotal role in formulating the responses to compliments through the selective application of CR types such as Cheshm-Zadan and Taarof in reaction to the compliments given (particularly those on family members or beloved ones) across both languages. The study concludes with a discussion of the findings with reference to the relevant literature and implications for intercultural communication, language education, and sociopragmatic research and practice.

The process of foreign language syntactic development regarding learners’ L1 literacy level is different among adult learners. Many studies have shown that illiterate and low-literate learners follow the same path in the L2 morphosyntax development despite their L1 literacy level. However, little research has been carried out to focus on differences in the new language literacy development among learners with varying first language proficiency. Therefore, the current study was carried out to investigate the differences in learning English adjectival and prepositional phrases among three Kurdish adult groups of literate, low-literate, and illiterate learners in one term. Additionally, it probed the major difficulties they faced through the English phrase acquisition process. Mixed methods were used for data collection including observations of the classes supplemented by audio recording and English phrase tests. Through the application of three tests of recognition, matching, and multiple-choice type, the outcome knowledge of adjectival and prepositional phrases was assessed and compared among groups. The obtained data were analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis test. Some tangible results were detected from tests that did not ascribe the differences in learning English absolutely to background schooling and literacy. In fact, they showed that there were significant differences among groups in matching and multiple-choice type post-tests, while there were no considerable differences in recognition-type post-test. Furthermore, results also revealed that illiterate and low-literate learners encountered further complicated difficulties and made an unusual combination of pronunciation and grammatical errors in their production.

L’accueil aux œuvres de Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) en Iran, date de 1956, presque un siècle après leur publication en France. En 1857, Charles Baudelaire publie son œuvre majeure, un recueil de poèmes intitulé Les Fleurs du Mal. La littérature française a exercé une grande influence sur la littérature persane. On pourrait dire que l’arrivée au pouvoir des différents rois et les conditions qui régnaient dans la société iranienne, ont probablement exercé une influence sur la façon dont ces poèmes ont été traduits. Cette approche tente d’être une analyse de l’accueil de l’Iran aux œuvres de Charles Baudelaire. Pour cela, dans la perspective de la théorie de la réception de Hans Robert Jauss, nous examinons les conditions « socio-culturelles » qui régissent la société et leur impact sur la traduction des poèmes de Charles Baudelaire en Iran, et cherchons à dégager les différents horizons d’attente des lecteurs iraniens avant et après la Révolution islamique. Cet article décrit l’œuvre de ce poète français en Iran, et la façon dont elle a été traduite, lue et commentée.

Résumé De tout temps, la connaissance de la grammaire occupe une place primordiale dans l'enseignement/apprentissage des langues étrangères. En effet, il est tout à fait nécessaire de maîtriser la grammaire d'une langue étrangère pour qu'on puisse écouter, lire, parler et écrire convenablement dans cette langue. Bien sûr, il y a beaucoup de facteurs biographiques, situationnels, affectifs et personnels qui interviennent dans ce processus. Un savoir général est donc indispensable au professeur de langue pour comprendre dans quelles conditions telle ou telle technique aide l'apprenant à apprendre la grammaire étrangère. Cette demande de savoir sur le fonctionnement de l'apprentissage est encore plus évidente chez les adultes qui forment la totalité de nos apprenants. Elle parait liée à la formation qu’ils ont reçue sur leur langue maternelle. Le but essentiel de notre étude est d'identifier les facteurs qui influencent l'apprentissage de la grammaire chez les étudiants de la langue et la littérature françaises en troisième année de licence de l'Université de Tabriz. Pour ce faire, nous avons préparé un questionnaire contenant des questions en rapport avec notre domaine d’étude et expliqué aux étudiants le vocabulaire spécialisé utilisé, afin de résoudre l'ambiguïté de la compréhension des questions avant de les présenter. Les questions et leurs réponses incluent les commentaires des élèves concernant le rôle et l'impact des langues déjà apprises par les apprenants, les facteurs environnementaux, les variables émotionnelles et les stratégies cognitives, métacognitives et socio-affectives d’apprentissage sur l'acquisition de la grammaire française.