Iranian journal of educational sociology

Purpose: Individuals going through adolescence faced a significant number of changes from biological, and cognitive to social and emotional. Due to the changes experienced by adolescents, it is susceptible for adolescents to experience a high level of loneliness. The correlation between loneliness and impulsivity and the association between impulsivity and self-harm as well as self-injurious behaviors puts adolescents in a vulnerable position in performing undesirable acts or behaviors. On the other hand, resilience plays a significant role in an individual’s ability to cope with an adverse situation or bounce back quickly after the undesired situation in order to maintain or regain mental health. Therefore, the objective of this study is to run review research through contemporary studies to summarize accumulative documents in the area of resilience, loneliness, and impulsivity among adolescents to investigate the mediating role of resilience. Methodology: For this, a search was carried out on the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Thus, a set of keywords was used, followed by filtering main keywords, resulting in a review of 99 articles published a decade ago. Findings: The results demonstrated that the number of adolescents having mental illness increased significantly over the years, and adolescents aged 16 and above are at risk of mental disorders. Besides that, this research revealed that adolescents in Malaysia are at risk of peer and social rejection, which is highly associated with loneliness and also has a correlation with aggression and impulsivity. Conclusion: It was seen that loneliness and impulsivity are essential risk factors for adolescents’ mental health and resilience can consider effective cognitive and coping skills for adolescents. It was also perceived that most of the papers focus on the investigation of the correlation between loneliness, impulsivity, and resilience, being necessary to develop more experimental studies on the effectiveness of resilience therapy for adolescents’ enrichment. These results serve as a source of reference for future research.

Purpose: Obstacles of creating learning organization cause a sharp decline in the performance of organizations, especially in educational organizations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the categories of the obstacle model of creating learning organizations. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive from type of correlation. The research population were professors from Al-Qadisiyah and Kufa universities of Iraq with number 720 people and with using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 251 people, which this number were selected by available sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of barriers to obstacle of creating learning organizations with 69 questions, which data obtained its implementation were analyzed by methods of exploratory factor analysis and partial least squares in SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings: The findings showed that the factor load of all questions was higher than 0.50 and significant, and the correlation coefficients of the categories of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, central phenomenon, strategies and consequences were less than 0.45, and indicating their non-overlapping. Also, content validity ratio and Cronbach and combined reliability of the categories were estimated higher than 0.70 and 0.80, respectively. In addition, according to the indicators of commonality and redundancy, the obstacle model of creating learning organizations had a good fit and the effect of causal conditions, contextual conditions and intervening conditions on central phenomenon, the effect of central phenomenon on strategies and the effect of strategies on outcomes were significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The designed obstacle model of creating learning organizations can help to university officials in designing programs to remove obstacle of creating learning organizations

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to predict students’ social movement citizenship based on open classroom climate, political efficacy and civic knowledge. Methodology: This study was an applied research according to the purpose and is a type of descriptive-correlational researches on the basis of data collection method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the students of the college of education and psychology at Semnan University in the academic year 2018-2019. The participants were 227 students (107 male students, 120 female students) who were selected using stratified random sampling method. All of them completed open classroom climate, political awareness, civic knowledge and social movement questionnaires. The data was analyzed by SPSS and LISREL software and Pearson correlation coefficient technique and path analysis model. Findings: The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between open classroom climate, political efficacy and civic knowledge with students’ social movement citizenship. Open classroom climate has not a direct and significant effect on students’ social movement citizenship. Open classroom climate has a significant indirect influence on students’ social movement citizenship through mediation of political efficacy. Open classroom climate has a significant indirect impact on students’ social movement citizenship through mediation of civic knowledge. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the importance of paying attention to the role of open classroom climate, political awareness and civic knowledge in increasing students’ social movement citizenship.

Purpose: The success of universities depends on their ability to respond and adapt to environmental changes and developments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was designing the organizational learning capacity development model with an entrepreneur university approach. Methodology: In a qualitative study on 24 experts familiar with the field of research and relevant documents in this field, the organizational learning capacity development model with an entrepreneur university approach was investigated. The experts of the current research were selected by purposeful and snowball sampling methods and were underwent to three rounds of Delphi. The data were collected by taking notes from the documents and checking the level of agreement of the experts and were analyzed by coding methods and the percentage of agreement with the Delphi method. Findings: The findings of coding indicated that the organizational learning capacity development model with an entrepreneur university approach had 81 components in 21 dimensions. The results showed that in the first round of Delphi 3 components, in the second round of Delphi 4 components and in the third round of Delphi 2 components were removed, and finally, for the organizational learning capacity development model with an entrepreneur university approach were identified 72 components in 21 dimensions with an agreement percentage of higher than 70% for all components. Conclusion: The results of this study help to better understand the methods of organizational learning capacity development with an entrepreneur university approach. Therefore, universal specialists and planners in order to improve organizational learning capacity can provide the basis for improving the identified dimensions and components in the current research.

Purpose: The e-learning is one of the new educational methods that can create a competitive advantage for organizations and countries. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of a comparative study of e-learning in the countries of England and South Korea. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was review. The current research population was the e-learning system of countries of England and South Korea, which these two educational systems were examined in terms of similarities and differences. For this purpose, e-learning in the countries of England and South Korea were investigated and the data obtained from e-learning in both countries were compared. Findings: The findings showed that both countries of England and South Korea in e-learning emphasized on the experience e-learning by creating periodic programs and policies and appropriate to the time, creating two formal and informal education methods, increasing the skills of students and parents about using educational resources, raising media literacy, providing high-quality, free, diverse, attractive and easy-to-use educational content, using the full capabilities of four communication screens of tablets, smart phones, internet TVs and computers for learning, open and collaborative environment for creating creative ideas by the audience, participation in production with curriculum organizations and universities, encouraging and financial support from top creators of educational programs and updating the educational programs and learning practices. On the contrary, in the e-learning of England country emphasized on the creation of content of learning resources suitable to their different nationalities and interests, investing on music videos with appropriate orientation to them, convergence and integration of learning resources and updating and transferring them through the internet, special attention to formal learning programs for under 19 years and using the successes and personal thoughts of users, but in the e-learning of South Korean country emphasis on the financial support from domestic products for the growth of the local content industry in the field of educational documentaries, sharing international educational content by signing a contract with YouTube and holding international conferences and festivals for global interaction with the creators of educational documentaries. Conclusion: Despite the similarities between e-learning in two countries of England and South Korea, there are differences between e-learning in the two countries. According to the results, the educational planners of Iran country, while paying attention to the cultural context, can provide the basis for better e-learning in the country.

Purpose: The blended training implies a continuous process of teaching and learning. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of determining the causal relationships between the identified factors in the development model of blended training in Tehran education. Methodology: The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive from survey type. The population of this study was all the managers and assistants of education in Tehran city, which number of 242 manager and assistant were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of development of blended training in education with 75 items. The data were analyzed with the methods of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS-V23 and LISREL-V8.8 software. Findings: The results of this study indicated that the development model of blended training in education had three components of constituent factors, organizational factors and educational factors, which its validity and reliability were confirmed. Also, the development model of blended training in education had a good fit and in this model, organizational factors and educational factors had a positive and direct effect on constituent factors of blended training in education (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, in order to improve the development of blended training in education can provide the ground for the realization of organizational factors and educational factors.

Purpose: Rumor management in the context of social networks for government organizations is very important in order to maintain the organization's reputation and improve its performance. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing a qualitative pattern of rumor management in the context of social networks in the Iranian government organizations. Methodology: The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of its implementation method was qualitative. The research population was experts in the field of public administration and organizational behavior in the field of research. The sample of the present study according to the principle of theoretical saturation was estimated to be 15 people which this number was selected by the purposeful sampling method and they were subjected to semi-structured interviews, and its validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and its reliability was estimated by the Cohen's kappa coefficient method 0.719. Data were analyzed by coding method in MAXQDA-2020 software. Findings: The findings of this research indicated that 95 open codes, 5 core codes and 2 selective codes were identified for rumor management in the context of social networks in the Iranian government organizations. In this study, the selected codes were included the malicious rumors with three core codes of bad feelings, rumor transmission and thinking power, and innocent rumors with two core codes of trust building and reference support. Finally, the output of the software was drawn for the qualitative pattern of rumor management in the context of social networks in the Iranian government organizations. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, the managers of Iranian government organizations can prevent their destructive effect on the advancement of the organization's goals by managing malicious rumors and innocent rumors.

Purpose: Considering the importance of curriculum for different classes, especially for multi-grade classes, the present research was conducted with the aim of validating and presenting the curriculum pattern of multi-grade classes of elementary school. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was mixed. The population of the qualitative part of the current research was the documents related to the research field in scientific databases of internal (1391-1402) and external (2013-2023), which numbers of 27 document were selected as a sample with using the purposive sampling method. The population of the quantitative part of the current research was the experts familiar with the field of research, which numbers of 25 expert were selected as a sample with using the purposive sampling method. The research tool in the qualitative part was taking notes from the documents and in the quantitative part was answering about the validity of the designed pattern with the criteria of adaptability, comprehensibility, research process evaluation, generalizability, theory evaluation and control. The data of the qualitative part to present the curriculum pattern of multi-grade classes of elementary school were analyzed with the meta-synthesis method in MAXQDA version software, and the data of the quantitative part to validating the mentioned pattern were analyzed with the one sample t-test in SPSS version 23 software. Findings: The findings showed that the curriculum pattern of multi-grade classes of elementary school had 157 indicators in 28 components and 10 dimensions including the logic, purpose, content, learning methods, teacher, materials and resources, student, time, place and evaluation methods, which based on it, the pattern of dimensions and components of curriculum of multi-grade classes of elementary school were drawn. Other findings showed that the curriculum pattern of multi-grade classes of elementary school was valid based on the criteria of adaptability, comprehensibility, research process evaluation, generalizability, theory evaluation and control. Conclusion: The designed curriculum pattern of multi-grade classes of elementary school in the present research can help experts and planners in improving the curriculum status of multi-grade classes.

Purpose: The interaction of remote employees can play an effective role in improving the situation of the organization, which possible factors affecting it include the use of information and communication technology and internal communication satisfaction. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between the use of information and communication technology, internal communication satisfaction and interaction of remote employees with structural equation modeling. Methodology: In a descriptive research from type of correlation, from among the education employees of one district of Tehran city number of 220 people were selected as a sample with using the stratified random sampling method. In this study, in order to collect research data was used the Lee standard questionnaire (2023), which in the present study its validity and reliability were checked and confirmed. The data of this study were analyzed by structural equation modeling method in SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings: The findings of the present study showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between the use of information and communication technology, internal communication satisfaction and employee interaction (P<0.01). Also, the model of use information and communication technology on employee interaction with the mediator of internal communication satisfaction had a good fit. In this model, the use of information and communication technology had a direct and significant effect on internal communication satisfaction and employee interaction and internal communication satisfaction had a direct and significant effect on employee interaction. In addition, the use of information and communication technology with the mediator of internal communication satisfaction had an indirect and significant effect on employee interaction (P<0.001). Conclusion: Considering the direct and indirect impact of the use of information and communication technology on employee interaction, in order to promote the status of the organization and employee interaction can be provided the conditions for improve the use of information and communication technology and internal communication satisfaction.

Purpose: Instructional and educational leaders of schools can play an important role in improving the academic and even non-academic conditions in primary schools. As a result, the current research was carried out with the aim of designing and compiling the supervisory pattern of instructional and educational leaders in primary schools. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive from type of correlation. The population of the current research was instructional and educational leaders and teachers of primary schools in Hormozgan province included 124 and 4800 people, respectively, which 300 people of them were selected as a sample based on the Krejcie and Morgan table with using stratified random sampling method. In this study, in order to collect data were used a researcher-made questionnaire of the supervision of instructional and educational leaders in primary schools, and the data obtained from its implementation were analyzed with the methods of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings: The findings showed that the supervisory pattern of instructional and educational leaders in primary schools has 39 items in 8 factors of leadership in educational improvement, leadership in curriculum improvement, leadership in employees improvement, theoretical and scientific skill, technical and technological skill, ethical and professional skill, management and leadership skill and communication skill; So that the factor load of all items (expect on item) and factors was higher than 0.50, the average extracted variance of all factors was higher than 0.60, and the Cronbach and combined reliability of all factors was higher than 0.80. Also, the supervisory pattern of instructional and educational leaders in primary schools had a good fit and each of the 8 factors had a direct and significant effect on the supervisory pattern of instructional and educational leaders in primary schools (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study have many practical implications for the experts and planners of the education system, and they based on the aforementioned findings can take an effective step towards improving the supervisory pattern of instructional and educational leaders in primary schools.

Purpose: The quality of working life due to the improvement of the quality of human resources has been the focus of most managers and planners. As a result, the present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the components and indicators of the quality of working life of school managers. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive from type of qualitative. The research population was experts who were familiar with the research field and the samples of this study according to the principle of theoretical saturation were determined 20 people who were selected by non-probability purposive and snowball sampling methods. The research tool was an in-depth interview with experts, whose content validity was confirmed by 10 experts in the field of educational management, and its reliability was calculated by the method of the coefficient of agreement between two coders of 0.77. Finally, the data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by coding method. Findings: The results of the analysis showed that the quality of working life of school managers had 92 indicators in 5 components including the individual factors, group factors, organizational factors, managerial factors and educational factors. Finally, the pattern of components of quality of working life of school managers was drawn. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, in order to improve the quality of working life of school managers should be provided the ground for the improvement of individual, group, organizational, managerial and educational factors affecting it.

Purpose: The effectiveness of schools including in the field of evaluation creates a competitive advantage for schools in compared to other schools. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identifying the dimensions and components of school evaluation based on the effective components of top schools. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of execution method was qualitative. The population of study was the faculty members and staff and senior experts of education of Tehran province in 2020 year, which according to the principle of theoretical saturation 14 people were selected as a sample with using the purposive sampling method. The tool of the study was a semi-structured interview, which whose data were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding method in Maxqda software. Findings: The findings showed that the school evaluation based on the effective components of top schools had 19 components in 6 dimensions including planning (2 components), evaluation (3 components), education and innovation (3 components), management and leadership (6 components), facilities (3 components) and cultural and social (2 components). Finally, the pattern of school evaluation dimensions and components based on the effective components of top schools was drawn. Conclusion: The identified dimensions and components for evaluating schools based on the effective components of top schools can be used by experts and curriculum planners to improve the state of the educational system.

Purpose: Students with social anxiety have many problems in the cognitive emotion regulation. As a result, the aim of this study was to comparison the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and transactional behavior analysis on the cognitive emotion regulation of students with social anxiety. Methodology: This research was a semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up design with a control group. The research population was female senior high school with social anxiety in governmental schools of Ashkhane city in the academic years of 2022-2023. In this study, 45 people were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly replaced in three equal groups. Each of the experimental groups was trained in 10 sessions of 90 minute separately and as a group with dialectical behavior therapy and transactional behavior analysis methods, and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. The research tool was Connor et al social anxiety inventory (2000) and Garnefski and Kraaij cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (1996), and the data obtained from their implementation were analyzed by methods of analysis variance with repeated measure and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS version 25 software. Findings: The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of improving cognitive emotion regulation of students with social anxiety, and both methods of dialectical behavior therapy and transactional behavior analysis in compared to the control group significantly improved their cognitive emotion regulation in the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.05). ). Also, there was no significant difference between the both methods of dialectical behavior therapy and transactional behavior analysis in improve of cognitive emotion regulation of students with social anxiety (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, therapists, counselors, and psychologists can use dialectical behavior therapy and transactional behavior analysis along with other treatment methods to improve the cognitive emotion regulation of students.

Purpose: The using an interactive approach in sciences education can improve its learning. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the dimensions and components of sciences education based on an interactive approach with an emphasis on the nature of science. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. The current research population was university students and teachers of basic sciences who were familiar with the subject, which number of 15 people of them were selected as a sample according to the principle of theoretical saturation and with the purposive sampling method. The data was collected by the in-depth semi-structured interview method and its validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and its reliability was obtained by the agreement coefficient method between two coders 0.86. The data were analyzed by open, axial and selective coding method in MAXQDA software. Findings: The findings showed that for sciences education based on an interactive approach with an emphasis on the nature of science were identified 48 concepts in 16 categories and 4 themes; So that 4 themes were included quality-orientation in the sciences education system (with 3 categories of quality evaluation in the educational system of formal education, efficiency of the educational system for science education and lack of effectiveness of science education programs in the formal education system), strategic management of the education system of formal education (with 6 categories of trust to abilities and plans of policymakers, institutionalizing the principles of science education, intra-group and institutional collectivism, developing the structure of an educational implementation system for logical thinking, keeping pace with global developments and designing science education programs for students), proposed solutions for designing the science education system based on the interactive approach (with 3 categories of students' participation in education, emphasis on strengthening the spirit of independence of students and logical education and its place in modern education) and challenges of the formal education system in the field of sciences education (with 4 categories of identity and its place of science in the educational system, argument-oriented and having a critical view, macro structure and institutional level of formal education and criticism to the educational system of current education structure in schools. Conclusion: Based on the results of the current research and the identified dimensions and components for sciences education based on an interactive approach with an emphasis on the nature of science, experts and planners of the educational system can take an effective step towards improving the sciences education based on an interactive approach by improving its dimensions and components.

Purpose: Organizational citizenship behavior improves the organization's conditions and creates a competitive advantage, and on this basis, research on the development of organizational citizenship behavior education is very important. As a result, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying affecting factors on the development of organizational citizenship behavior education and providing suitable managerial strategies. Methodology: In a descriptive study from type of qualitative, among the universal and organizational experts of Islamic Azad University of Fars province in the 2021-2022 academic years, number of 19 people were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method and according to the principle of theoretical saturation. The samples were subjected to a semi-structured interview, which their validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and their reliability was obtained by the agreement coefficient method between two coders 0.83. The data from semi-structured interviews were analyzed with open, axial and selective coding method in MAXQDA-2020 software. Findings: The results of the analysis showed that the affecting factors on the development of organizational citizenship behavior education had 35 indicators, 8 components and 3 dimensions. In this study, the dimensions were included individual factors with two components of citizenship knowledge and citizenship skills, organizational factors with three components of job satisfaction, organizational culture and job engagement and educational factors with three components of educational infrastructure, educational quality and employees as learners. Also, managerial strategies in the development of organizational citizenship behavior education were included 5 strategies of effective leadership, effective education, providing feedback and encouragement, applying guidelines and policies and promotion based on organizational citizenship behavior. Conclusion: According to the affecting factors on the development of organizational citizenship behavior education and the five identified strategies for it can be prepared the ground for improving and promoting the organizational citizenship behavior.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to depict inequality cases and examine the complexity of black teachers' experiences in the British white system. For this reason, the researchers of this article applied concepts of whiteness, intersectionality, and battle fatigue to Boakye's I Heard What You Said (2022). Methodology: This is qualitative research and its nature is deductive. The theoretical framework primarily was based on Crenshaw and Bradbury's definitions of intersectionality, Kincheloe’s of whiteness, and Smith’s of battle fatigue. Loden and Rosener's diversity wheel was also used to clarify various cases of intersectionality. I Heard What You Said (2022) contains 56 experiences of a black teacher in the British white education system. The sample size includes all 56 experiences of the black teacher. Findings: Finding shows that Whiteness and the internalization of white characteristics play a significant role in defining black identities. They are inferior not only because of their different skin color but also because of numerous criteria and the differences from whites. In this educational system, all learning is also consistent with white beliefs and the norms that define them within the system. Boakye mentions that “‘white is light’ imagery and ‘white is right’ ideology” is imposed on students from the early days of attending schools which demonstrates white supremacy in the British education system. In the British educational system, not only are teachers marginalized, but also they have to make an effort in order to institutionalize white beliefs and ideas in students’ minds. The British education system ignores diversity in its curriculum, wanting to follow the concept of “sameness” in education. The narrator criticized the aim of the National Curriculum of England in the late 1860s, based on the view of Mattew Arnowl, citing some ambiguous concepts such as “essential knowledge”, “educated citizens”, “the best that has been thought and said”, and “…engender an appreciation of human creativity and achievements …” He explained the condition in Arnold's time in 1860. It highlighted that the white education system shows no changes in its aim through time. It seeks to stabilize its characteristics in the educational system in relation to ignorance of differences and white supremacy in all parts of the educational system in British. Furthermore, applying the concept of intersectionality, it becomes clear that each proof emphasizes the connection of the particular sections, which to some extent differs from others. Considering the concept of intersectionality in the context of whites being superior, makes the causes more complex. Applying the concept of battle fatigue shows that the black teachers fight against racism even if they believe they could bring insignificant changes to the British educational system. Conclusion: The research shows that black teachers' experiences of discrimination in the British education system are based not only on their skin color as black but on the connection between different dimensions of diversity and criteria in different areas of the personal, sociocultural, and organizational sphere. There is a need to revise the National Curriculum of Britain to start work on eliminating inequalities in the education document and to extend it to the whole education system.

Purpose: The aim of this article was to identify and evaluate the most effective factors for enhancing the cultural awareness of male high school students in Tehran. Methodology: This study is a qualitative research. The statistical population includes 20 experts in management, who are experts in educational management, curriculum and education, primary education, and cultural management (with books or articles). The sampling method in this study was purposeful. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews using MAXQDA12 software. Findings: The results of 111 main concepts (open codes) were obtained from 23 main concepts (basic codes), in the form of an inverse model including 6 selected codes including causal factors (4 components; 23 indicators), contextual factors (5 components; 23 indicators), strategic factors (6 components; 28 indicators), intervention factors (5 components;16 indicators), key phenomena (1 component; 8 indicators), and consequences (3 components and 13 indicators) were presented. Conclusion: Attention to cultural patterns at three levels, local, national, and international, requires special measures from educational decision-makers. In addition, with the existence of different cultural spectrums in our country and the need for national convergence and unity, the importance of this type of culture in the curriculum is more evident than ever.

Purpose: Considering the decreasing age of addiction and the many problems faced by addicts, the present research was conducted with the aim of presenting a causal model of bias towards drugs in students based on the academic failure and hyperactivity and attention deficit with the mediating role of hopelessness feelings. Method: The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive from type of correlation. The research population was all the junior and senior high school students of one district of Mashhad city in the 2020-2021 academic years, which number of 310 people of them were selected as a sample by cluster random sampling method. The tools of the current research were the questionnaires of addiction potential, academic failure, hyperactivity and attention deficit and hopelessness, which whose psychometric indicators were confirmed in previous researches and in this study. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling method in SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 software. Results: The findings of the present study showed that the causal model of bias towards drugs in students based on the academic failure and hyperactivity and attention deficit with the mediating role of hopelessness feelings had a good fit. Also, the variable of academic failure on the hopelessness feelings and bias towards drugs, the variable of hyperactivity and attention deficit on the hopelessness feelings and the variable of hopelessness feelings on the bias towards drugs had a direct and significant effect (P<0.05), but the variable of hyperactivity and attention deficit on the bias towards drugs hadn’t a direct and significant effect (P>0.05). In addition, academic failure and hyperactivity and attention deficit had an indirect and significant effect on the bias towards drugs with the mediating of hopelessness feelings (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated the effective role of academic failure and hyperactivity and attention deficit with the mediating of hopelessness feeling on bias towards drugs. Therefore, the planners and specialists of cultural and educational activities of adolescents in order reduce to bias towards drugs can seek to design and implement programs to reduce academic failure, hyperactivity and attention deficit and hopelessness feelings.

Purpose: The entrepreneurship development in the higher education system creates a competitive advantage for educational systems. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the dimensions and components of the entrepreneurship development model in the country's higher education system. Method: In an applied study from type of qualitative from among the experts of the country's higher education system number of 14 people of them were selected as a sample according to the principle of theoretical saturation and based on the inclusion criteria with the purposive sampling method. The samples of the present research were subjected to a semi-structured interview, which whose validity was confirmed by the triangulation method and their reliability was calculated by the coefficient of agreement between two coding methods 0.84. Data were analyzed by thematic analysis method in MAXQDA software version 2020. Results: The findings indicated that the entrepreneurship development model in the country's higher education system has 73 components in 8 dimensions, including intrastructural strategic components (with 3 components), policy-making strategic components (with 3 components), centrality of the higher education system (with 4 components), cooperation of the higher education system (with 10 components), human force (with 11 components), adaptability (with 11 components), external organization (with 10 components) and internal organization (with 11 components). Finally, the entrepreneurship development model in the country's higher education system was drawn based on the output of MAXQDA software. Conclusion: According to the results of this study and based on the dimensions and components of the entrepreneurship development model in the country's higher education system, it is necessary to plan for the entrepreneurship development through the improvement of the identified dimensions and components in this research.

Purpose: Today, the online purchase intention can create a competitive advantage for the organization and social media marketing activities can be effective in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of social media marketing activities on the online purchase intention of sportswear customers according to the mediating role of the company's brand. Methodology: This research based on the purpose was a practical and based on the nature was a cross-sectional from type of descriptive. The population of this study was the sportswear customers of different brands in Mazandaran province who used social media to buy products. The sample size based on the Krejcie and Morgan table was determined 384 people who these people were selected by available sampling method. The tool of the current research was a 32-item researcher-made questionnaire with three dimensions of social media marketing activities (9 items), online purchase intention (2 items) and company's brand (21 items and 4 components of brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude and customer-brand relationship). The content validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was estimated at 0.75 by 8 professors and their reliability was estimated ranged from 0.65 to 0.83. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling In SPSS-V25 and Smart.PLS-V24 software. Findings: The results of this study showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between the most variables of social media marketing activities, brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude, customer-brand relationship and online purchase intention (P<0.05). Also, the model of social media marketing activities on the online purchase intention of sportswear customers according to the mediating role of the company's brand had a good fit, and in the mentioned model, the variable of social media marketing activities on the brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude and customer-brand relationship and the variables of brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude and customer-brand relationship on the online purchase intention had a direct and significant effect and the variable of social media marketing activities with the mediating of brand loyalty, brand experience, brand attitude and customer-brand relationship on the online purchase intention had an indirect and significant effect (P<0.05). Conclusion: Social media marketing activities directly and indirectly through company's brand impact on the online purchase intention. Therefore, to improve customers' online purchase intentions can be improved the social media marketing activities and company's brand.

Purpose: Entrepreneurial leadership plays an effective role in improving the performance of various businesses including small and medium businesses. As a result, the current research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of the role of entrepreneurial leadership in the performance of active small and medium businesses in the field of nanotechnology in Tehran. Methodology: The method of this research was of mixed exploratory type (qualitative and quantitative). The population of the present study in the qualitative section was the policy experts of the nanotechnology industry, which number of 17 of them were selected as a sample according to the principle of theoretical saturation and with the purposeful sampling method. Also, the population of present study in the quantitative section was the managers and experts of small and medium businesses of nanotechnology industry whit number 1434 people, which 303 people of them were selected as a sample according to Cochran's formula and with the available sampling method. The data of the qualitative and quantitative sections were collected with methods of semi-structured interview and researcher-made questionnaires, respectively which whose psychometric indicators were confirmed and analyzed with methods of thematic analysis in MAXQDA software and exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS and LISREL software, respectively. Findings: The findings of the first part of current research showed that the model of the role of entrepreneurial leadership in the performance of active small and medium businesses in the field of nanotechnology had 13 sub-factors in the 5 main factors of guidance, support, coaching, facilitation and entrepreneurship. Also, the findings of the second part of the present study showed that the factor load, average variance extracted and reliability of all factors were appropriate. In addition, the model of the role of entrepreneurial leadership in the performance of small and medium-sized businesses active in the field of nanotechnology had a significant effect on all five main factors and each factor with its sub-factors (P<0.05). Also, the findings of the second part of the current research showed that the factor load, average variance extracted and reliability of all factors were appropriate. In addition, the model of the role of entrepreneurial leadership in the performance of active small and medium businesses in the field of nanotechnology had a significant effect on all five main factors and each main factor on its sub-factors (P<0.05). Conclusion: The model of the role of entrepreneurial leadership in the performance of active small and medium businesses in the field of nanotechnology has many practical implications for the activists in the field of nanotechnology industry, and they can according to the identified factors provide the basis for improving entrepreneurial leadership.

Purpose: Digital literacy fosters social advantages such as chances to interact with others and forge and develop social relationships by enabling online activities and leading to online social capital development. This study investigated the relationship between digital literacy and online social capital. Methodology: The research method is quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational. Participants comprised 754 (520 female and 234 male) students of Tabriz universities during the months of June and August 2023, who were randomly selected from among those willing to cooperate and responded to the Digital Literacy Questionnaire (Ng, 2012) and Online Social Capital Questionnaire (Duradoni et al., 2022). Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling with SPSS version 27 and Amos Graphic version 24 software. Findings: Utilizing confirmatory factor analysis, the factorial structure of the research instruments was examined. The digital literacy questionnaire's three-factor structure and the online social capital questionnaire's two-factor structure were confirmed. The GFIs were higher than 0.9, and the RMSEA was below 0.08. The fit indices indicate that the structural model describing the relationship between digital literacy and online social capital is supported. The standard weights of the confidence and connectedness dimensions of the relationship between digital literacy and online social capital were 0.42 and 0.48, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: Digital literacy encompasses social, cognitive, and emotional skills in addition to technical ones. Therefore, digital literacy is multidimensional and lays the foundation for a new, constantly evolving style of online relationships and interpersonal connections. Higher levels of digital literacy and its components provide individuals with the ability and opportunity to convert their network of relationships into other forms of capital, obtain and provide support in the virtual space, and engage in emotional exchange, group leisure time, counselling, and collaboration. These competencies form the basis of online social capital.