مطالب

Various models of Dynamic Assessment (DA) have been used in L2 pragmatic instruction and have proved their significant contributions to pragmatic production; however, there is a paucity of research regarding their implementation for pragmatic comprehension. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effects of interactionist and interventionist models of DA on the accuracy and speed of pragmatic comprehension among a convenience sample of 60 advanced EFL learners who were randomly assigned into two DA groups and a control group. A listening pragmatic comprehension test developed and validated by Garcia (2004) was used both as a pretest and as a posttest. During the 14-session treatment, the interactionist DA group received metapragmatic instruction about 28 conversations, and learners interacted with each other and the teacher. Assistance and scaffolding were continuously provided by the teacher as the more knowledgeable other (MKO) within the learners’ Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The interventionist DA class received its treatment based on DA procedures as presented by Lantolf and Poehner (2010). However, the Non-DA group only received metapragmatic instruction about the conversations from the instructor without any DA-based intervention or interaction. Data analysis using one-way ANCOVA revealed that study groups differed in their pragmatic comprehension accuracy and speed: DA groups significantly outperformed the control group. The interventionist DA group did significantly better than the interactionist DA group for pragmatic accuracy but nor for pragmatic comprehension speed. The pedagogical implication of the study is that teachers can utilize interventionist and interactionist DA to foster learners’ pragmatic comprehension accuracy.

purpouse: The aim of this study was to improve the organizational vitality and environmental performance of the university by implementing green management in the administrative, educational and research units of the free universities of Mazandaran province in the academic year of 2019-20. Methodology: Method in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection among descriptive research was correlational and in terms of method was mixed exploratory research. The statistical population consisted of 21 experts, specialists, experts in the fields of educational management and psychology, which was done using purposive sampling method and using the principle of maximum diversity to achieve theoretical saturation using semi-structured interviews. For validity and validity of the data, two methods of reviewing participants and reviewing non-participating experts in the research were used. The statistical population in the quantitative part included all faculty members, senior, middle and operational managers and officials of administrative, educational and research units of free universities in Mazandaran province in 1950. In the quantitative part, 321 people were selected as a statistical sample by relative random sampling method based on Cochran's formula. Findings: Data in the qualitative part were extracted through the implementation of Delphi technique with a semi-structured questionnaire and in the quantitative part through the implementation of researcher-made questionnaires of green management, organizational vitality and environmental performance on the statistical sample. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed in terms of content and structure. Reliability was estimated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient with 87%. Used. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that green management (six dimensions) has an effect on organizational vitality (seven dimensions) and environmental performance (seven dimensions) and organizational vitality has an effect on environmental performance. Also, organizational vitality played a mediating role in the impact of green management on environmental performance. Discussion: The development of economy, industry and green innovation requires culture building and efforts of every committed and responsible citizen of the country and as a matter of governance, all elements of the system must adhere to it.