درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Timurid coins serve as a mirror reflecting the significant economic and political events of the era, and their study can provide deeper insights into the economic and social dynamics of the Timurid period. This research examines the Timurid coins housed in the Museum of Bu-Ali Sina Mausoleum using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. A specialized review of the initial results obtained from XRF spectroscopy, particularly in numismatic studies, holds significant importance and can be a fundamental step toward reducing errors and enhancing precision in interdisciplinary analyses. XRF technology, as a non-destructive method, enables precise examination of the chemical composition and identification of elements present in coins. However, without meticulous monitoring and comprehensive reevaluation of the obtained results, misinterpretations and uncertainty in historical analyses may arise. The research questions focus on the value of reinterpreting and analyzing XRF spectroscopy data and their role in identifying counterfeit coins and understanding economic and cultural characteristics in numismatic studies. The central hypothesis of the study posits that raw XRF spectroscopy data do not provide accurate results, and in-depth analysis by experts is required for a precise examination of coins. This research also highlights the importance of detailed spectrum analysis, technical challenges in data interpretation, and the use of interdisciplinary approaches to enhance the accuracy of results. The findings reveal that a more profound reinterpretation of XRF spectroscopy data significantly contributes to better understanding the chemical composition of coins and preserving cultural heritage treasures. It also provides deeper insights into the economic policies and activities of the Timurid period.

The preservation of invaluable cultural heritage assets, including ancient artifacts and historical sites, remains a critical global concern. Existing perimeter protection methods, such as CCTV systems, infrared sensors, and conventional surveillance technologies, often exhibit significant limitations in terms of spatial coverage, sensitivity to subtle intrusions, and adaptability to varying environmental conditions. This paper presents an innovative and highly effective solution utilizing fiber optic sensor (FOS) technology, which offers numerous advantages, including lightweight construction, immunity to electromagnetic interference, ease of installation, high sensitivity, and reliable performance across a broad range of applications. Specifically, the study introduces novel designs for distributed acoustic FOS systems based on Michelson, Mach-Zehnder, and Sagnac interferometric configurations. Through comprehensive theoretical analysis, simulation modeling, and experimental validation, the research explores their practical utility in protecting cultural heritage. Two detailed case studies—focused on the Louvre Museum in France and the ancient archaeological site of Persepolis in Iran—demonstrate the implementation, functionality, and real-world efficacy of the proposed systems. The findings highlight how these FOS networks, particularly when combined with advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, can effectively detect, classify, and localize human-induced acoustic disturbances such as walking or digging, while minimizing false alarms caused by environmental noise. This enhanced discrimination capability not only improves overall security but also significantly reduces the need for extensive human surveillance. Moreover, these systems enable precise, continuous, and real-time 24-hour monitoring over vast indoor and outdoor areas. In conclusion, the integration of FOS technology offers a scalable, intelligent, and transformative approach to addressing the complex and evolving challenges associated with the long-term preservation and protection of cultural heritage sites around the world.

This paper investigates the role of Zen philosophy, as derived from haiku poetry, in the architectural design process. It explores the nature of Zen, its unique perspective on art and literature, and how this perspective is reflected in architectural design processes. The paper also examines how the creation of architectural spaces can be integrated with the poetry and (haiku) influenced by this philosophy. This research seeks to answer the question of how Zen thought can be applied in architectural design through the utilization of haiku poetry. A descriptive-analytical approach, combining inductive and deductive reasoning, is employed. Initially, Zen theories based on haiku are deductively applied to case studies. Subsequently, Zen architectural theories based on haiku are extracted from these case studies. Finally, the results are obtained by combining inductive and deductive methods. This paper aims to introduce haiku, elucidate the role of Zen philosophy in haiku poetry, and explore the influence of Japanese Buddhism on the architectural design process. The result of this research reveal that haiku is the product of immediate, intuitive experience and cannot be evaluated based on conventional poetic criteria. Haiku is a form of enlightenment or illumination, in which the poet perceives the vitality of objects and grasps the meaning of the ordinary and commonplace. Haiku poetry presents viewers with perspectives on nature, humanity, and life. By integrating literary concepts into the architectural design process, haiku can serve as a powerful cultural and artistic medium, fostering audience engagement with literature and cultivating a unique, philosophical understanding of phenomena.

The influence of Iranian architectural art on Indian architecture is a category that is as old as the cultural-civilization relations between Iran and India, and according to historical evidence, its history goes back to the third century BC, when we witnessed that in the capital of the Mauryan empire, Patliputra, There were influences of Iranian architecture.This flow after the emergence of Islam in the 7th century AH / 13 AD. And especially after the formation of Islamic states in India, it became more intense. The art of Iranian-Islamic architecture with its unique characteristics was used in the construction of large mosques in India, and while combining with Indian architecture, it benefited from Indian materials that were suitable for the climate there. In this regard, Indian architecture benefited from the accuracy and subtleties of Iranian architecture, and from the combination of those two new and independent styles emerged in the art of architecture, which became known as the Indo-Iranian style. Before the Gurkanians came to power, the Indian aspect of this style was more obvious, but in the Gurkanian era, its Iranian aspect prevailed. This style in the construction of the tombs of Gorkani sultans was widely inspired by the garden tradition of the Safavid era.

Naderi Tepe is located in the southeast of Mashhad and is located next to a communication route. According to the typology, the wares of this site include the variety of species and the quantity of pottery pieces from the Chalcolithic to the historical period. During the study of this site, based on the obtained wares, 10 pieces of the sherds and two pieces of stone quern were analyzed by petrography and their thin sections were examined in order to find the minerals in them. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the components of each sherd, the difference in composition and materials between samples, determine the percentage of each composition, determine the temperature of pottery firing according to the available minerals, and investigate the origin of the raw materials that make up wares. In the laboratory, a thin section was prepared from the pottery and then studied with an optical microscope. The results of the studies show that the mineralogy of the sherds from the site shows the better quality and purer paste of the sherds produced from the middle Bronze Age to the end of this period, which shows the high skill of the potter in making and knowing the raw materials in the production of pottery. The results of this research can be the basis for the comparison of ware types in terms of construction techniques and compounds used in them in the surrounding areas, especially in the Mashhad Plain.