Interdisciplinary studies

This study explores the emotional landscape of the Qur’an through the lens of Plutchik's psychological model of emotions, which categorizes emotions into eight primary types: joy, sadness, trust, anticipation, surprise, disgust, anger, and fear. It identifies how various types of emotions are represented and utilized in different contexts. By applying a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, the study demonstrates the Qur’an’s unique perspective on emotions, offering insights into its approach to emotional expression, regulation, and guidance. The analysis reveals that while Plutchik’s primary emotions are present in the Qur’an, their subcategories differ significantly, reflecting the Qur’an’s divine origin and guidance-oriented objectives. The findings highlight the Qur’an's distinctive emotional framework, which not only confirms but also extends beyond human-centered psychological models, reflecting its divine purpose and focus on holistic human development.

Philologie in German (English philoloy; French philologie; Latin philologia ‘love of word’) is defined as the study of language in its historical context. It is considered a part of historical linguistics which traces the development and etymology of words in a language and across languages. John Peile defines philology as follows: It is the science which teaches us what language is. The philologist deals with the words which make up a language, not merely to learn their meaning, but to find out their history. He pulls them to pieces, just as a botanist dissects flowers, in order that he may discover the parts of which each word is composed and the relation of those parts to each other: then he takes another and yet another language and deals with each in the same way: then by comparing the results he ascertains what is common to these different languages and what is peculiar to one or more: lastly, he tries to find out what the causes are which operate on all these languages, in order that he may understand that unceasing change and development which we may call, figuratively, the life of language. (Peile1988, 5) In his book, Cours de linguistique générale, Ferdinand de Saussure offers a comprehensive definition of philology. Language is not the unique object of philology. The task of philology is above all to establish, interpret, and comment upon texts. This just concern leads philology to concern itself with literary history, customs, institutions, etc. . . . Everywhere it makes use of its own method, which is textual criticism. (qut. in Watkins 1990, 21)

Timurid coins serve as a mirror reflecting the significant economic and political events of the era, and their study can provide deeper insights into the economic and social dynamics of the Timurid period. This research examines the Timurid coins housed in the Museum of Bu-Ali Sina Mausoleum using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. A specialized review of the initial results obtained from XRF spectroscopy, particularly in numismatic studies, holds significant importance and can be a fundamental step toward reducing errors and enhancing precision in interdisciplinary analyses. XRF technology, as a non-destructive method, enables precise examination of the chemical composition and identification of elements present in coins. However, without meticulous monitoring and comprehensive reevaluation of the obtained results, misinterpretations and uncertainty in historical analyses may arise. The research questions focus on the value of reinterpreting and analyzing XRF spectroscopy data and their role in identifying counterfeit coins and understanding economic and cultural characteristics in numismatic studies. The central hypothesis of the study posits that raw XRF spectroscopy data do not provide accurate results, and in-depth analysis by experts is required for a precise examination of coins. This research also highlights the importance of detailed spectrum analysis, technical challenges in data interpretation, and the use of interdisciplinary approaches to enhance the accuracy of results. The findings reveal that a more profound reinterpretation of XRF spectroscopy data significantly contributes to better understanding the chemical composition of coins and preserving cultural heritage treasures. It also provides deeper insights into the economic policies and activities of the Timurid period.