درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : Those individuals who temporarily experience death, for some reasons, merely experience clinical death that is different from biological death. In the latter one it is not possible for their spirits to return to life while in the clinical death there is a possibility to return to the bodies and the material world. Thus, the present research attempts to explore clinical death incidents as a qualitative phenomenological study. METHOD AND FINDING : Among those who participated in producing the “Life After Life TV Series” of the 2020-2022 seasons, 41 participants were selected and interviewed using the purposeful sampling method. In addition to television interviews, the complementary data were gathered using conducting semi-structured interviews. Implementing Colaizzi’s seven analysis steps, the data were analyzed using MAXQDA, the 2021 version. CONCLUSION : Findings show 14 extracted codes identified as the “the nature of returning to life”. The codes were categorized into four main themes: 1) Negotiation and being convinced, 2) Having a choice and a discretion to return to the body, 3) Asking to return to compensate indemnifications in the world, and 4) Pleading for intercessions. Overall, it is concluded that in comparison to the other world’s experiencers, Iranian experiencers’ cultural factor and their religious beliefs are different from their counterparts in the world.

A longstanding problem confronting Christian theology and its doctrine of incarnation is the apparent contradiction that it faces. For example, to be divine, in the relevant sense, is to have the limitlessness of God. To be human, in the relevant sense, is to have the limitations of humans. The incarnation (in the person of Jesus per Christian doctrine) is to be both divine and human. Many theologians and sympathetic philosophers have attempted to ‘consistentize’ (i.e., make consistent) incarnation. Timothy Pawl has been one of the latest to do so. In this paper, I concisely note a dilemma for Pawl’s approach.

In both theory and practice, political participation is considered to be one of the most significant political challenges. The Qur'an is the main religious source that makes it possible for political explanations to be given in respect of such issues. This study aims to formulate the types of political participation in an illegitimate political system in order to identify acceptable types in the light of the teachings of the Qur'an. The hypothesis of this research, carried out with the method of thematic interpretation, is that from the Qur'anic perspective, in an illegitimate political system, diverse types of positive and negative participation are authorised, depending on the circumstances, from participation in power structures to conflicting with the aim of reducing or eliminating oppression. In this regard, seven types of positive and negative political participation in an illegitimate political system have been identified in the Qur'an; positive political participation such as criticism and objection, guidance through dialogue and debate, and participation through <em>taqīyah</em> (religious dissimulation); negative political participation such as non-cooperation, civil disobedience, declaration of aversion, and struggle and overthrow. Based on this, the article concludes that according to the Qur'an, various types of positive and negative political participation are permissible in confronting an illegitimate political system. The Qur'an describes the behavior of the prophets and Qur'anic figures in the confrontation with an illegitimate system as a wide range of minimal to maximal participation with the aim of eliminating oppression.

Throughout history, numerous exegetes of the Qur’an have presented interpretations of the verses of the Qur’an in accordance with the customary understanding, while not methodically specifying the extent of the validity of the customary understanding, in the process of interpreting the Qur’an. Hence, it is essential to properly clarify the validity and position of customary understanding in the interpretation of diverse types of verses, such as doctrinal verses, ethical verses, verses concerning social and cultural issues, and scientific verses.<br />The results of this study indicate that the customary understanding is admissible as an indication and evidence in the interpretation of the Qur’an and can be used to understand all the concepts of the verses at the level of literal meaning, however, at the level of intended meaning it is only allowed for the understanding of specific verses referring to customary practices, not for metaphysical concepts or verses with specific Qur’anic terminology.