درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This study explores the metacognitive abilities of students with high working memory capacity in the context of solving mathematical problems. The measuring instruments include two researcher-developed tests, a structured interview, and the Working memory index from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. The total 262 nine-year-old female students from Tehran were randomly selected to participate in the study. From this group, 31 highly proficient students with strong working memory were selected. Data analysis indicated that the students rarely engaged in conscious retrieval of prior knowledge during problem-solving. Approximately 61% of participants showed no evidence of strategic effort when encountering unfamiliar mathematical tasks. Moreover, 90% reported that they never asked themselves reflective questions. While students recognized practice as a helpful factor, their approach was largely imitative, often modeled after teachers or parents. These findings suggest a predominant reliance on automatic, habitual strategies rather than deliberate, goal-directed engagement with the problem-solving process. The findings highlights a significance gap between cognitive capacity and metacognitive strategy use in high-working-memory students. Despite their cognitive advantage, these students rarely employed reflective practices when solving problems, indicating that current instructional approaches may emphasize rote repetition over strategic thinking. This tendency appears particularly pronounced within teacher-centered educational contexts. To address this imbalance, curricula should incorporate explicit metacognitive training, including guided strategy-transfer exercises, problem classification activities, and structured reflection protocols. Such interventions may enhance students’ ability to engage in adaptive problem-solving and could contribute to improved outcomes in international mathematics assessments, particularly within educational systems like Iran’s.

Objective: This research aimed to investigate the relationships between future self-continuity, savoring beliefs, and academic procrastination with the academic grit of Urmia University students in the 2023-2024 academic year. Method: This was descriptive and correlational research. The study's statistical population consisted of all Urmia University students in the academic year 2023-2024 (N=13,000). A total of 393 students were selected through convenience sampling. The data collection tools included the Future Self-Continuity Questionnaire (FSCQ) (2020), the Savoring Beliefs Inventory (SBI) (2003), the Academic Procrastination Questionnaire (APQ) (2012), and the Academic Grit Scale (AGS) (2017). Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used for data analysis. Results: The results of the data analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between future self-continuity and savoring beliefs with students’ academic grit, and a significant negative relationship between academic procrastination and academic grit (P<0.01). Moreover, based on the results of multiple regression analysis, future self-continuity had the highest predictive power (β=0.304) for academic grit in students. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, strengthening future self-continuity, savoring beliefs, and skills for reducing academic procrastination is recommended to enhance the academic grit of students.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the combined Eyberg Parent-Child Interaction Training and personality-centered parenting on internalizing and externalizing problems in children aged 7 to 10 years. Methods: The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group. The research population included mothers of children aged 7 to 10 years in Tehran with internalizing and externalizing problems. From this population, 30 mothers were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two equal groups (each group consisting of 15 participants). The experimental group received eight 90-minute online sessions of Eyberg Parent-Child Interaction Training and personality-centered parenting, while the control group received no intervention. For data analysis, first, descriptive information related to the research variables was provided. Findings: After confirming the assumptions for using covariance analysis, the hypothesis test results indicated that the combined intervention package of Eyberg Parent-Child Interaction and personality-centered parenting had an effect on internalizing and externalizing problems (p < .01). Comparison of the effect sizes obtained showed that the intervention package had the most significant impact on four components (aggression, thought problems, somatic complaints, and anxiety/depression) out of a total of eight behavioral problem components (p < .01). The effect size (eta coefficient) demonstrates the intervention's impact on the dependent variables. Comparison of the effect sizes showed that the intervention package had the greatest impact on anxiety/depression with an eta coefficient of 0.511, followed by thought problems with an eta coefficient of 0.443, aggression with an eta coefficient of 0.385, and somatic complaints with an eta coefficient of 0.351. Conclusion: The findings indicated that parental training led to a reduction in children's internalizing and externalizing problems. The results suggest that prioritizing and examining parenting styles should be considered the first line of treatment, as children learn how to interact with others within the family, and family experiences serve as models for their future social relationships.

The aim of the current research was to examine how stress coping strategies predict quality of life and life satisfaction among staff at Sistan and Baluchestan University. A total of 94 employees from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran were chosen using a simple sampling method. To gather data, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) by Endler & Parker (1990a), Huebner's Life Satisfaction Scale (1994), and the WHOQOL BREF Quality of Life Questionnaire were utilized. The data was analyzed using Pearson and multiple stepwise regression. The findings indicated a significant negative correlation between the avoidant approach to stress management and quality of life (r=.243, p<.01), whereas the problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies did not show a significant link with quality of life and satisfaction with life. The avoidant coping style accounted for 5.9% of the variance in quality of life. The other coping styles were excluded from the regression and did not make it into the regression equation. Avoidant style (Beta=.525, p=.0001) exhibited a negative and significant relationship with quality of life. It is determined that avoidant-oriented coping was a negative unique predictor of the employees' quality of life.

Objective: The primary goal of this study was to present a forgiveness model based on childhood maltreatment and attachment styles, with the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in betrayal victims. Methods: This descriptive correlational study involved betrayal victims who had sought counseling in Tehran in 2022, with a sample of 653 individuals selected through convenience sampling. The instruments used included Bernstein et al.'s (2003) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Hazan and Shaver's (1987) Attachment Style Questionnaire, Young's (1999) Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, and the Forgiveness Questionnaire by Ray et al. (2001). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24. Findings: The results indicated a negative relationship between childhood maltreatment, insecure attachment styles, and early maladaptive schemas with forgiveness, while secure attachment showed a positive relationship with forgiveness. Furthermore, the results suggested that early maladaptive schemas mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment, attachment styles, and forgiveness in betrayal victims. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicated that the evaluated structural model was well-fitted, and the findings could assist therapists and counselors in better understanding the forgiveness process in betrayal victims.

 Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between coping styles and psychological well-being in female heads of households.Methods: The research design was quantitative, descriptive and within the framework of the correlational method. The statistical population of the research was formed by all the women heads of the household in Sarai, Yousef Abad neighborhood of Tehran in 2024. In this study, using convenience sampling, 50 women were selected as samples. In order to collect research data, Coping Styles Questionnaire for Stressful Situations (CISS) and Ryff scale of psychological well-being (RSPWB) were used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software, and research hypotheses and data were analyzed using correlation test, one-sample t, one-factor ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test.Results: The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between problem-oriented coping style and psychological well-being in women heads of households. Also, there is a significant negative relationship between emotional and avoidant coping styles with psychological well-being. According to (P<0.01) for all hypotheses, the level of significance has been proven.Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that female heads of households who use a problem-oriented coping style have a greater sense of self-efficacy and peace of mind, and the use of previous experiences in solving various life problems will make them self-reliant people. And they have higher psychological well-being, and in contrast to female heads of households who use an emotional and avoidant coping style, they have lower psychological well-being.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the structural model of loneliness and marital commitment with an attitude toward extra-marital relationships, with the mediation of identity styles in married women and men. Methods: For the research design, we used correlation and structural equation modeling. Statistical population including all married women and men of Ramsar City, among whom 230 individuals were selected through convenience sampling and responded to the Loneliness Scale Russell et al., (1980), Marital Commitment Questionnaire Adams & Jones (1997), Extra-marital Relationships Attitudes Questionnaire Wheatley's, (2008), and Identity Styles Scale Berzonsky (1989). All data were analyzed using SPSS 26, AMOS 24, and Macro Preacher & Hayes' (2008) program. Results: The findings indicated that loneliness and diffuse-avoidant identity styles have a significant and positive effect on the attitude toward extra-marital relationships, while marital commitment and commitment identity style have a significant and negative effect on the attitude toward extra-marital relationships. Bootstrapping results showed that information identity style, diffuse-avoidant identity styles, and commitment identity style play a mediating role in the relationships between loneliness and the attitude toward extra-marital relationships. Marital commitment indirectly affects the attitude toward extra-marital relationships through information identity style and commitment identity style. Conclusion: The research findings, by confirming the influential role of loneliness, marital commitment, and identity styles on extra-marital relationships, provide appropriate implications for work in the field of extra-marital relationships for practitioners in the family domain.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy and resilience-based play therapy on anxiety, executive functioning behaviors, and emotional expression in children aged 6 to 8 years undergoing dental treatment. Methods: The current research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test design, including a control group and a two-month follow-up period. All children aged 6 to 8 visiting specialty dental clinics in Isfahan during the first six months of 2021 constituted the research population. Forty-five children were selected using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to three equal groups of fifteen. Data collection was carried out using the Revised Children's Anxiety Scale - Short Form (Ahlen et al., 2018), the Emotion Expression Questionnaire - Child Form (Penza-Clyve & Zeman, 2002), and the Executive Functioning Questionnaire (Gioia et al., 2000). Cognitive-behavioral play therapy sessions were conducted based on the protocol by Hall, Kaduson, and Schaefer (2002), and resilience-based play therapy sessions followed the protocol by Nikneshan et al. (2019), each lasting for eight weekly sessions of 60 minutes. However, the control group did not receive these interventions. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and mixed ANOVA with SPSS software, version 26. Findings: Results indicated that the mean scores of executive functioning behaviors and their dimensions significantly improved in the experimental groups at post-test compared to the control group, and these improvements remained stable at follow-up (p < 0.05). Moreover, therapeutic interventions (both cognitive-behavioral and resilience-based play therapy) significantly improved scores on anxiety and emotional expressiveness compared to the control group. Additionally, post hoc Bonferroni tests showed that cognitive-behavioral play therapy was more effective than resilience-based play therapy in reducing anxiety scores and increasing skills in emotional expression and executive functioning in children undergoing dental treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings further clarify the role of play therapy in children undergoing dental treatment and highlight the necessity of using therapeutic approaches derived from the cognitive-behavioral model to modulate symptoms in these children.

Objective: By the end of 2014, an estimated 6,851,000 adult individuals were in the United States criminal justice system. Many of these individuals are racially and ethnically minoritized men. These families have been adversely impacted by the loss of adult family members who have been sent to prison. Family therapy has been recommended for successful reentry from incarceration into the home and community. Methods: Structural family therapy (SFT) aims to restructure the family’s organization to decrease dysfunction and establish flexible boundaries. SFT and the use of culturally sensitive practices are key to the success of family therapy for this population. Findings: This case study showcases SFT’s main components including rules, roles, hierarchies, and boundaries. Clinical implications advise to explore the effectiveness of using culturally informed care practices when using SFT models when a parent is incarcerated. Conclusion: Correctional facilities should take a deep dive into the importance of investing in programs of essential skills that will not only help the individual to return to society but can lead to the reduction of recidivism.