درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

In this paper, it is tried to explain the concept of representation and architectural representation through a qualitative methodology, approach its procedure for gradual creation in architecture and then according to scholars and to obtain the effect of this concept in the process of architectural facts the concepts are presented. In addition, it is referred to theories and practical texts by philosophers, and archaeologists and architects who have spoken about the architectural representation, and its definitions are also provided from the perspective of semiotics. Then through a deductive view aiming to clarify the fundamental differences between types of architectural representation and according to the presented ideas, three fundamental roles in the representation of architecture as mimesis and imitation, architectural representation as abstraction and architectural representation as simulation are described and examples are cited for each of them. In the end, by a qualitative methodology and with an interpretive approach using the theory of Umberto Eco in architectural codes, the comparative tables are provided, and to clarify the relationship between the three methods of representation and the procedure of their ideas on the formation of the architectural reality are analyzed through the semiotic approach. Finally, these comparative tables are separately classified in three groups of three so a variety of architectural representation techniques in diverse historical periods in architecture are explained as a result of this research. 

In spite of the advancements made in science and technology, the world is still facing the perils of prevalence and epidemic of different diseases from one side and problems such as  inappropriate distribution of treatment giving services in a large number of countries. <br /> In such a condition there remains a need for the design of a comprehensive health system using the GIS based smart cards. This can facilitate having all common health, treatment services, such as issuing and receiving prescriptions, insurance services, having access to medical records which can accompany every individual. This will facilitate the development of social and spacial. Considering the fact that the data becomes regional and transferable (knowing they should stay confidential, and have permitted access) , predicated data banks in the health and hygiene net work management, such as offices and treatment giving insurance institutions could have all kinds of possibilities for planning, organizing, controlling and utmost management, in both individual and common health of the society. Although some developed countries are at the moment using smart cards in theirs health systems, but in this suggested system, the objective is to utilize the advantages of GIS smart cards being regional.  In this scheme a smart card is intended for each individual, and often loading the necessary information on it. This is used instead of his health service notebook and clinical record. In addition identification card used to access the patient’s medical record and prescription card is designed for doctors. Also the service offering identification card is designed for health centres and pharmacies. Predications should be made of the regional information in every visit to the physician or a clinic, upon which all the following possibilities can be obtained; all statistical reports based on GIS, research activities, supervising over the health and treatment distribution, number and reason for visiting the health care centers, defining the start of an epidemic and factors offering it, checking the nutritional diseases, analysing the concentration and spreading of different disease and their causes according to region or country.  All these data can help provide health maps, satellite pictures and defining various layers of information. Finally by the use of these cases optimum managing and development of a smart health and healing network can be made possible<strong>.</strong>