مطالب

Der islamische Feminismus ist eine progressive Bewegung, die darauf abzielt, die Rechte von Frauen in islamischen Gesellschaften zu sichern, indem religiöse Lehren neu interpretiert werden, um traditionelle Werte mit zeitgenössischen Idealen von Gerechtigkeit und Gleichheit in Einklang zu bringen. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Bewegung steht das Prinzip der Toleranz, ein zentraler Aspekt des Pluralismus, der ein friedliches Zusammenleben unterschiedlicher intellektueller Strömungen ermöglicht, insbesondere im soziopolitischen Kontext Ägyptens. Diese Studie untersucht die Beziehung zwischen islamischem Feminismus und Toleranz, mit Schwerpunkt auf deren sozialen und politischen Dimensionen. Mit der Methode der „Kettenanalyse und Theorie“ identifiziert die Forschung konzeptionelle Verbindungen und diskursive Verschiebungen, die die Entwicklung der Gedankenwelt des islamischen Feminismus prägen. Diese Methode beleuchtet das Zusammenspiel und die Auseinandersetzung von Ideen zwischen islamischem Feminismus und anderen ideologischen Bewegungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Betonung der Toleranz im islamischen Feminismus den interkulturellen und intersubjektiven Dialog gefördert und ideologische Verbindungen zwischen säkularen und religiösen Strömungen geschaffen hat. Diese Interaktion hat die intellektuelle Landschaft bereichert und die Fähigkeit zu reformistischen Initiativen innerhalb islamischer Kontexte gestärkt. Durch die Förderung neuer Wege für Dialog und kritischen Diskurs hat der islamische Feminismus den Vorstoß für Geschlechtergerechtigkeit intensiviert und umfassendere strukturelle Reformen innerhalb pluralistischer Gesellschaften ermöglicht. Die Integration von Toleranz als Kernprinzip hat Chancen für ein breiteres Engagement zwischen unterschiedlichen diskursiven Traditionen geschaffen und das reformistische Potenzial des islamischen Feminismus gestärkt. Letztendlich positioniert dieser Ansatz den islamischen Feminismus als transformative Kraft, die zur umfassenderen Agenda des sozialen und intellektuellen Wandels in multikulturellen Umfeldern beiträgt.

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem Metaphysikbegriff Al-Fārābīs. Nach einem Überblick über das Leben und die wichtigsten Werke Al-Fārābīs wird die Herkunft des Namens und die verschiedenen Bezeichnungen (Göttliche Wissenschaft, Erste Philosophie, Weisheit, Theologie) sowie das Wesen von Metaphysik dargestellt. Anschließend wird Al-Fārābīs Werk „Über die Ziele des Philosophen (d. h. des Aristoteles) in jeder Abhandlung des Buches, das mit den Buchstaben bezeichnet wird (d. h. der Metaphysik) (Fī Aġrāᶁ al-Ḥakīm fī kull maqāla  min al-kitāb al-mausūm bi-l-ḥurūf)“ untersucht. Dabei ist die Unterscheidung zwischen Einzelwissenschaften und der einen universalen Wissenschaft grundlegend. Abschließend wird kurz auf Al-Fārābīs Versuch hingewiesen, das Staatswesen metaphysisch zu begründen. Im Anhang wird Al-Fārābīs „Abhandlung von den Tendenzen der Aristotelischen Metaphysik von dem zweiten Meister“ in der deutschen Übersetzung von Friedrich Dieterici vorgelegt.

Blended learning (BL) is being increasingly utilized in teaching and learning languages, therefore, carrying out this study in view of the lack of studies on BL within the Iranian EFL context is very significant. The study conducted at the English Department of Karaj Islamic Azad University provides valuable insights into how instructors and learners perceive the interplay between blended, online, and face-to-face (F2F) instructions. A mixed methods design has been applied to the study. 410 learners, studying English translation, and 46 university instructors responded to a Likert-type questionnaire and an open-ended one and 10 of them were interviewed. The findings revealed that, by incorporating both traditional classroom instruction and online learning tools, students can benefit from a more personalized and interactive learning experience. This approach can also help educators adapt their teaching methods to better meet the needs of diverse learners. In terms of educational policies, there may be a need for increased support and resources for implementing BL modules in language education. Additionally, language teaching programs may need to be revised to include more digital resources and tools to enhance language learning outcomes. Overall, the integration of BL in language classes can lead to more effective and engaging language education practices.

  Subjective : Psychological problems are involved in many psychosomatic disorders. Gastric ulcer is also related to psychological problems as one of the psychosomatic disorders. This research was conducted with the aim of comparison of emotion regulation in gastric ulcer sufferers and non-sufferers. Methods : This research is descriptive and causal-comparative. 100 patients with gastric ulcer and referred to Imam Hussein Hospital in Tehran in 2022 were selected by convenience sampling method and compared with 100 of their companions who did not have gastric ulcer. Both groups responded to Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Data were analyzed with multivariate analysis of variance and SPSS-21 software. Results : The findings showed that the total score of difficulties in emotion regulation and its subscales (non-acceptance of negative emotions, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors, limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies, lack of emotional awareness, lack of emotional clarity) in patients with gastric ulcer is significantly higher than of non-afflicted people (P<0.001). Conclusion : According to this finding, it can be concluded that the difficulty in regulating emotions may play a role in gastric ulcers. It seems that patients with gastric ulcer are less able to identify and understand their emotions and less able to manage their emotions properly. Therefore, the accumulation of psychological pressure caused by negative emotions can cause their symptoms to appear or intensify.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The number of revealed corruption-related crimes is one of the major challenges of Iran which has been significantly increased in recent years. According to official reports, although only two cases of embezzlement were reported in 1990s and 2000s with a total value up to $ 800 million, administrative corruption has significantly increased in 2010s with 13 large corruption cases and a total value up to $ 14 billion and a growth of over 1500% compared to 1990s and 2000s (The Iranian Students News Agency[1] (ISNA), 2017). The spread of such amount of corruption in administrative and bureaucratic system of the country can have irreparable economic and social consequences. The statistic investigations have shown that macroeconomic indicators including economic growth, employment, unemployment, poverty, inflation and income distribution have become less favorable in 2010 compared to previous decades (Statistical Center of Iran, Iran Statistical Yearbook, 2017). In this regard, the following questions can be raised: is there a relationship between corruption and the indicators of income distribution and poverty in the country? Since the volume of international and unilateral sanctions on Iran has increased in the 2010s, does such a widespread growth in the volume and value of corruption cases in Iran have a relationship with sanctions?   METHODOLOGY Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of sanctions on causal relationship between corruption, income inequality and poverty in Iran during 1984 to 2020. For this purpose, the indices of per capita income, poverty line, administrative corruption and control of corruption, Atkinson and Gini have been utilized to investigate their interactions through Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test.   FINDINGS Findings of research show that:   sanctions have affected the causality of per capita income on administrative corruption. sanctions have affected the causality of corruption control on per capita income. sanctions have affected the causality of income distribution on per capita income. sanctions had no effect on causality of per capita income, on Atkinson Index and vice versa. sanctions had no effect on causality of per between poverty line, on administrative corruption and vice versa. sanctions had an effect on causality of per between poverty line, on corruption control and vice versa. sanctions had a significant positive effect on poverty line, but had no significant effect on GINI index. In other words, sanctions have affected the causality of income distribution on poverty line. sanctions had no effect on causality of poverty line, on Atkinson Index and vice versa. sanctions had no effect on causality of GINI index, on administrative corruption and vice versa. sanctions had no effect on causality of GINI index, on corruption control and vice versa. sanctions had a significant positive effect on administrative corruption, but had no significant effect on Atkinson index. In other words, sanctions have affected the causality of income distribution on administrative corruption. sanctions had a significant positive effect on Atkinson index, but had no significant effect on corruption control. In other words, sanctions have affected the causality of corruption control on income distribution.     CONCLUSION The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of sanctions on causal relationship between corruption, income inequality and poverty in Iran during1984 to 2020. For this purpose, the indices of per capita income p, poverty line, Atkinson, GINI, administrative corruption and corruption control were investigated. In general, the following results were obtained from the present study:   Income distribution is not an effective variable for poverty in Iran. Corruption is an effective variable for causality of poverty in Iran and its significance level is higher under sanctions condition. Corruption and poverty cannot properly explain the income distribution in Iran. However, the corruption control can be the cause of income distribution and poverty line is a proper representative for the cause of income distribution under sanctions conditions. Income distribution is a strong variable for causality of corruption in Iran. Poverty can properly explain the causality of corruption in Iran under sanctions condition, but is not the cause of corruption under normal condition.   According to the obtained results, it seems that sanctions condition is an effective variable for the relationship between variables of income distribution, corruption and poverty. However, the effective factors of income distribution need further investigations in future.