درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Emotions are crucial in social interactions, influencing communication and relationships. Distinguishing the perceived emotion in conscious and unconscious emotional processing is a key research area with cognitive and physiological implications. This study investigates conscious and unconscious emotional processing through behavioral and pupillary responses. Participants completed emotion recognition tasks under varying states, revealing higher accuracy in conscious emotion identification. Emotions like anger, happiness, fear, surprise, and neutral elicited distinct response patterns. Pupillometry data showed pupil size suppression in the conscious state and enhancement in the unconscious state, with differences in peak pupil size across emotions. Task-related components, amplitude, and latency parameters differed between conscious and unconscious states, highlighting the role of awareness in emotional regulation. These findings emphasize the complex interplay of cognitive and physiological processes in emotional responses, providing insights into emotional recognition mechanisms. This study contributes to understanding emotional processing dynamics and has implications for psychology and neuroscience research.

Resilience is a psychological characteristic that enables individuals to return to their normal lives after experiencing adversity and stressful situations, thereby preventing feelings of failure and defeat in life. In medical communities, due to high-pressure job demands and environmental stressors, resilience is considered one of the most critical components of psychological well-being, closely linked to one’s professional role and job satisfaction. In this regard, the present study investigates the effect of the Five Major Personality Factors on resilience, with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. The statistical population consisted of physicians working at Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz during the second half of the 2024-2025 academic year. Following the acquisition of the ethics approval code (IR.IAU.TABRIZ.REC.14040.182) a sample of 384 individuals was selected based on Morgan's table through stratified random sampling with proportional allocation across four strata: internal medicine (male), internal medicine (female), neurology (male), and neurology (female), according to the actual distribution in the population. The participants completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; 1985), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; 2003), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ; Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS) in Smart PLS software. The results indicated that all of the Five Major Personality Factors, except for openness to experience and agreeableness, had a significant effect on resilience. Moreover, all personality traits except agreeableness significantly influenced resilience through the mediating variable of cognitive emotion regulation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that individuals’ level of resilience is influenced by their personality traits and the factors affecting their emotion regulation.

Social adjustment functions as a connecting bridge in human interactions. High self-worth, by enhancing employees’ communication and interpersonal skills, provides a foundation for greater psychological well-being. In fact, a major portion of self-worth’s influence on mental well-being is realized through an individual’s capacity to establish constructive relationships with others in the workplace. The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of social adjustment in the relationship between self-worth and psychological well-being among employees. This research was applied in purpose and employed a descriptive-correlational design using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all 240 female employees of Zahedan Health Center in 2024, all of whom were included in the study through a census sampling method. Data were collected using Bell Adjustment Inventory (1961), Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale by Crocker et al. (2003), and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale (1995). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 20 and LISREL software. Path analysis results revealed significant positive correlation between social adjustment and psychological well-being (r = 0.79, p < 0.01), between self-worth and social adjustment (r = 0.57, p < 0.01), and between self-worth and psychological well-being (r = 0.48, p < 0.01). The Sobel test yielded a Z-value of 12.45, which exceeded the critical value of 1.96. Therefore, at a 95% of confidence level, it can be concluded that social adjustment plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between self-worth and employees’ psychological well-being.

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) on experiential avoidance, cognitive emotion regulation, and rejection sensitivity in couples. Methods:  This research employed a quantitative, applied design using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group model. The statistical population included all distressed couples who sought counseling services in Ardabil between 2024 and 2025. From this population, 30 couples whose scores exceeded the cut-off point of 135 were randomly selected and assigned to either an experimental or a control group. Research instruments included the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (AAQ-II), and the short form of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-SF). The intervention was based on Sue Johnson’s EFCT protocol, implemented in nine 90-minute sessions for the experimental group. Results: Covariance analysis showed that EFCT significantly reduced experiential avoidance, improved cognitive emotion regulation, and decreased rejection sensitivity in distressed couples ( p < .001). The effect size ranged from 65% to 68%, indicating a substantial impact on improving couple relationships. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that EFCT has a significant and positive effect on experiential avoidance, cognitive emotion regulation, and rejection sensitivity in couples.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to the investigate effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on subjective well-being in women with veteran spouses. Method: The method of this study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design along with a control and experimental group. The statistical population of the research includes all women with veteran spouses Noorabad Mamasani city (Fars Province) in year of 2023. Using convenience sampling, 30 women with veteran spouses participated in this study and were randomly assigned to the control group (n=15), and experimental group (n=15). Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used to collect data. The experimental group received 10 sessions positive psychotherapy training (PPT) and untreated groups underwent no interventions, respectively. Data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of covariance. Finding: the findings showed positive professionals and counselors’ special attention to intervention based on positive psychotherapy for women with veteran spouses. Psychotherapy training (PPT) effects subjective well-being (p˂0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that positive psychotherapy training (PPT) can be considered as a method to improve the subjective well-being in women with veteran spouses. The findings of this study have potentially important implication for

This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in job burnout, psychological resilience, and altruism between teachers in regular and special education schools in Kerman Province, as well as to explore the relationships among these variables. The research employed a causal-comparative design and included a sample of 80 teachers—40 from special education schools and 40 from regular schools. Data were collected using three standardized instruments: the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which assesses emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment; the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), a 25-item measure of psychological resilience; and the Rashin Altruism Scale, a 5-item instrument assessing an individual’s tendency to help others. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to evaluate group differences across the three variables, and Pearson correlation was used to assess relationships among them. MANOVA results revealed significant multivariate differences between the two groups (p < 0.05). Univariate analyses indicated that special education teachers reported higher levels of burnout and lower psychological resilience compared to regular school teachers. No significant difference was observed in altruism. Additionally, correlation analysis showed significant associations among burnout, resilience, and altruism across the total sample. These findings highlight the psychological challenges faced by special education teachers and underscore the need for targeted interventions to enhance resilience and reduce burnout in this population.

This study compares the effectiveness of schema therapy and compassion-focused therapy on emotional self-awareness, hostile attribution, and critical thinking in adolescents with binge eating disorder. The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of these two therapies on improving the cognitive and emotional aspects of individuals. The research method was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population consists of adolescents with binge eating disorder in Azarshahr. The samples that were selected as available were randomly divided into two therapy groups (n=15). The first group received schema therapy, while the second group received compassion-focused therapy. To collect data, the Hostile Attribution Questionnaire (Arntz et al., 2003), the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (Grant et al., 2002), and the Critical Thinking Questionnaire (Ricketts, 2003) were used. The results indicated that both therapies had a significant effect on increasing emotional self-awareness and reducing hostile attribution and critical thinking. However, compassion-focused therapy demonstrated a greater impact on reducing hostile attribution and improving critical thinking. The findings suggested that both approaches can be effective interventions for treating binge eating disorder in adolescents, with compassion-focused therapy being more effective in some aspects.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the fit of a structural model of death anxiety and self-acceptance based on psychological flexibility and differentiation, with the mediating role of self-compassion in the elderly. Methods and Materials: The research method was fundamental, descriptive, and correlational in nature. The statistical population consisted of all individuals aged 60 years and above residing in daily elderly care centers in Nowshahr and Chalous counties from February 2024 to August 2024 (N = 232). Due to the limited size of the population, a census method was used, and research questionnaires were distributed to all members of the population. Ultimately, due to damaged or incomplete questionnaires, data from 215 questionnaires were analyzed (n = 215). The research instruments included the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (1970), the Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire by Chamberlain and Haaga (2001), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (Bond et al., 2007), the Differentiation of Self Inventory by Skowron and Friedlander (1998), and Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale (2003). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 and LISREL 8 software. Findings: Pearson correlation analysis indicated a positive and significant relationship between differentiation and self-compassion (r = 0.645, p < .01); a negative and significant relationship between differentiation and death anxiety (r = -0.411, p < .01); a positive and significant relationship between differentiation and self-acceptance (r = 0.700, p < .01); a negative and significant relationship between self-compassion and death anxiety (r = -0.352, p < .01); and a positive and significant relationship between self-compassion and self-acceptance (r = 0.846, p < .01). Path analysis revealed that the indirect path from differentiation to death anxiety through the mediating role of self-compassion was statistically significant (β = -0.629, p < .01). Furthermore, the indirect path from differentiation to self-acceptance through self-compassion was also statistically significant (β = 0.861, p < .01). Conclusion: Thus, the structural model of death anxiety and self-acceptance based on differentiation with the mediating role of self-compassion demonstrated a good fit among elderly individuals residing in daily care centers in Nowshahr and Chalous. These findings may serve as a basis for developing comprehensive therapeutic models to enhance psychological well-being among the elderly. Keywords: Death Anxiety, Self-Acceptance, Differentiation, Self-Compassion, Elderly.