درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

One of the issues and problems in the field of recognizing BMAC is to explain the time period for the beginning and end of this culture in its geographical area and especially in Bactria region. A brief look at the sources related to this culture shows that different histories are presented for the period of emergence and end of this culture in different regions of Bactria (Northern Bactria, Southern Bactria and Eastern Bactria). Interval for the emergence of BMAC, different dates are suggested in the period between 2400 to 2100 B.C. and for its end, the date is 1700 or 1400 to 1300 B.C. This concern in the field of chronology, research and study has made it difficult to identify, correctly introduce the works and findings, as well as to compare this culture with neighbor zones and cultures. In this article, an attempt has been made to explain and propose the chronology of this culture in the Bactria region by examining the different opinions of archaeologists and examining the maximum dates of the carbon 14.

Historical maps are one of the most important sources for studying the historical geography of lands, borders of dynasties and territories, historical names and border changes. also, by studying historical maps, one can discover the geographical vision and view of people throughout the centuries and in different societies, and in this way achieve a correct understanding of concepts such as the world, geography, territorial boundaries and things like these. on the other hand, the researcher of Iranian history, especially the researcher of the Safavid era, is bound to refer to various maps that have been drawn about the geographical boundaries of Iran. by studying the elements and data included in the historical maps, one can get a visual understanding of the borders of Iran's territory and the correct recording of specific geographical names. the map of the "Etats du Grand-Seigneur en Asie : Empire de Perse, Pays des Usbecs, Arabie et Egypte" was drawn in the first half of the 12th century AH/18th CE by the efforts of two of the most prominent European cartographers of that era, namely Gilles Robert de Vaugondy and his son Didier Robert de Vaugondy. Vaugondies were prominent cartographers in the 17th and 18th centuries whose scientific activities were largely acknowledged in the French court and across Europe, and European rulers tended to acquire maps and geographical globes developed by the Vaugondies. Now the question is, how did a European cartographer describe the geographical area of Iran in the early 18th century? Did he look at the territory of Iran from a dynastic lens or did he consider it as a whole unit? Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and qualitative methodology, the present study strives to outline the domain of Iran in the late Safavid period based on the information provided on the map drawn by Gilles Robert de Vaugondy and Didier de Vaugondy. Analysis of obtained data unveils that Vaugondy, alike his contemporaries, regarded Iran as a unit and distinct geography. The image that he provided of the boundary of Iran also aligns with Persian texts of the given era.

Rudbar, located in the south of Gilan, on both sides of the Sefid-rud River, is a mountainous and one of the ancient regions dating back to at least 200,000 years ago. The artifacts obtained from Darband- Rashi Cave, Marlik Hill, Caluraz, Halimehjan, etc. indicate the existence of ancient civilizations in this region, each of which has its own cultural characteristics. Shemam is one of the old villages with a rich cultural history in the highlands of South Rostamabad. The first archeological excavations in this village were carried out under the supervision of Shahidzadeh in 1970 and a big cemetery belonging to the Parthian period was discovered with slum graves. During the earthquake of 1989, this village was severely damaged and the people living there moved to the lower part and Rostamabad. In recent years, people have resumed building houses on their ancestral estates. During these constructions and the statue, which is accompanied by the supervision of cultural heritage experts of Gilan province, traces of a hand-made structure appeared. Therefore, the construction work was stopped and after issuing a permit from the Cultural Heritage Research Institute of the country, number 4002867, in summer 2021, speculation was made in this area under the supervision of Solmaz Raof. This structure is most likely a grain storage pit dug in the heart of the limestone bed. The wall inside the structure is covered with mud and the floor is covered with beaten mud. Other cultural data obtained from this excavation include pottery pieces. According to comparative study and comparison, most of these pieces are related to the Parthian period.