درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Urban landscapes form the main parts of the city. One of these spaces is urban streets, in which social interactions and urban vitality reach its maximum quality and quantity. One of the principles and properties of urban landscape design is its intelligibility. A viewer who takes a look at an intelligible city and knows it can attract new emotional manifestations of city without damaging its original image. Orientation is also very easy for the viewer and he completely knows the environment he lives in. numerous characteristics influence the legibility of urban landscapes. The current research, which is a descriptive- analytic study, is designed to identify the factors influencing legibility of urban landscape and citizen participation as the main bases of visual preference technique. First we begin with concepts, ideas and attitudes of experts inside and outside the country about “landscape, legibility, urban streets” and identification of visual preference technique by investigating some foreign examples is done by collecting principles and characteristics to coordinate the components of city even more. Finally, considering the citizens (residents and non-residents) participation based on surveys and evaluations that have always carried thoughts and ideas about the environment, it was clarified that in different age groups, no fear should be held for the development of this technique. However, considering the new ideas of citizens, criteria are proposed to create and reinforce legible landscapes for the streets and urban landscapes.

The aims of this s tudy is to analyse the planning and design process, basic principles and the change-transformation process of the apartment type residential buildings in Turkey, Gaziantep city based on his torical background. The scope of the research consis ts of residential buildings built in the city of Gaziantep, which were built in the pos t-Republican period. In addition, s tate-building maps, zoning-city plans and plan disclosure reports, photographs and other materials are among the other materials. In this research, a method based on the spatial usage of the apartment buildings cons tructed in Gaziantep and the changes in the housing plan schemes and the spatial usage of these buildings and the changes in the housing plan schemes were followed. These changes are evaluated from the analysis of a series of variables ranging from parcel level to plan schemes, access graphs to spatial size and ratios. As a result of the s tudy, it was seen that the access graph and space sizes of the apartment-type residential buildings in the city of Gaziantep, which dates back to the 1960s, have changed. However, differences and variations are observed in the firs t plan typologies and it is noteworthy that this diversity is reduced and similar plan schemes are widely used.

The writing of Iranian architectural history has, from its start, followed the principles of western historiography. Portions of this history are well expected to be neglected or unattended when writing of it takes place outside its intellectual framework that essentially reflects the Iranian throught world. To have a truly Iranian architectural historiography, one has to find the theoretical principles which are deeply rooted in the Iranian Islamic culture. Although pre-modern Iranian historians never wrote a history of architecture, they were exponents of historiography during a millennium of cultural flourishing and vigor. Since any sort of historiography, as well as literature, usually is based on principles and ideological views about history and time, Persian historic texts can be considered as worthy sources regarding theoretical bases on which we can build the Iranian philosophy of architectural history. Persian prose of the early centuries of Islam is among these sources. One of the common, prominent themes in these texts is the nature of time or history. It is presented as a sensible, living being whose states relate to human events and phenomena across time. A new theory of periodization of Iranian architectural history can be drawn based upon this theory.

Soil is among the cheapest and most available materials found in the human living environment. Seeking refuge in the heart of earth and benefitting from soil’s thermal property, based on experience, is a strategy employed in the past across some regions. Also the passive systems are amongst the cheapest methods of providing heating and cooling demands of the buildings. These systems experience the lowest impact of environmental degradation while increasing the energy efficiency of the building through decreasing heat gain and loss. The idea of the earth-sheltered buildings is amongst the passive construction that has been embraced by the architects. An earth-sheltered building, as a passive idea, can guarantee, extensively, the reduction of energy consumption and provides the required conditions for thermal comfort. The present study discusses and investigates the thermal performance of earth-sheltered residential buildings in Yazd city of Iran. To predict this type of constructional thermal behavior, subsequent to field and library studies, thermal simulation was employed using Energy Plus software. Energy Plus software is able to simulate the envelopes adjacent to soil. The simulation process is conducted through depth changing of the soil surrounding the sample, assuming its thermal properties are constant. Considering to the results, by increasing the depth of sheltering in amount of soil, its energy consumption saving will increase. In this situation annual temperature fluctuation decreases 50% and it saves about 67% of energy consumption. In addition the most hours set on thermal comfort zone. This subject adds 50 more days to annual Earth-Sheltered acceptable thermal comfort conditions. Moreover due to investigating of the building orientation as an effective element for energy consumption, south orientation is specified as the best position for energy reduction in Earth-Sheltered.

Associating certain forms and designs in Islamic Arts with the promised Heaven may be widely observed in the works of many historians and critics of the field. It is believed that Islamic Art has been derived from the imagination of the Paradise as depicted in Holy Quran. To express this meaning in technical words it should be said that the main concept in Islamic Arts has been the gardens of heaven generally described as containing the green trees (the tree of life), colorful flowers, flowing rivers, the ethereal drinks and foods, and even Huries (beautiful young virgins dressing in green fine silk) at the service of those who are permitted to meet God.

Decreasing qualitative aspects of residential environments is a real problem in recent public housing of Kerman. This article is concentrated on surveying the impact of in-between spaces on residential environments quality (REQ), to evaluate different kinds of it and to determine interrelation of two main components: residents individual characteristics and characteristics of in-between spaces. Levels of in-between spaces include empirical-aesthetic, performance and environmental characteristics to determine degrees of residents satisfaction (RSAT). Eighteen selected components of in-between spaces quality (ISQ) assess the RSAT degrees in three residential environments of Kerman. Needed data obtained from structured interviews with residents and observation checklists. A direct relationship found between RSAT and ISQ in all three surveyed residential environments. The REQ index is highly and positively correlated with satisfaction of the three levels of in-between spaces and residents individual characteristics such as ownership and residential period.