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Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mentalization-based training and positive thinking for parents of children with autism on their reflective functioning and their children's aggression. Methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) enrolled in day centers for education and rehabilitation of individuals with ASD in Tehran during the 2022-2023 academic year, and their children. A total of 32 parent-child pairs were selected using purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (16 parents) or the control group (16 parents). Data collection tools for parents included the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (Fonagy, 2016), and for children, the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist Aggression Scale (2001) Parent Form. Initially, a pretest was administered to both groups, and the Aggression Scale was completed by the parents for their children. The mentalization-based and positive thinking training package (Fonagy) was then conducted in 12 sessions of 120 minutes each for the experimental group. Subsequently, a posttest was administered to both groups, and the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire and Positive Beliefs Questionnaire were completed by the mothers, while the Aggression Scale was again completed by the parents for their children. A follow-up phase occurred three months later. Data analysis was conducted using repeated measures analysis of variance. Findings: The results indicated that the impact of mentalization-based and positive thinking training on the components of reflective functioning (F = 14.35) and aggression (F = 7.17) in children was significant (P < 0.01), and this effect persisted through the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Given the results, it appears that mentalization-based and positive thinking training, by enhancing reflection on mental states, emotional regulation, and the ability to enjoy pleasant events, provides a suitable context for reflective functioning. This, in turn, leads to a reduction in aggression in children with autism.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of forgiveness therapy on psychological distress and psychological flexibility in women with marital conflicts. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all women with marital conflicts who referred to health centers in District 3 of Tehran in 2022. The sample consisted of 30 women who scored lower in psychological flexibility and distress tolerance. They were selected through non-random voluntary sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data were collected using the Distress Tolerance Scale by Simons and Gaher (2005) and the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) in both pre-test and post-test stages. The session content was prepared according to the forgiveness therapy model by Enright and Fitzgibbons (2015). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and covariance analysis. Findings: The results of the covariance analysis indicated that the mean scores of psychological distress and psychological flexibility and their components in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the control group (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, forgiveness therapy was effective in reducing psychological distress and enhancing psychological flexibility in women with marital conflicts.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based compassion therapy and positive cognitive-behavioral therapy on ambiguity tolerance in female heads of households in Shahrekord. Methods: The research design was a quasi-experimental one, employing a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included female heads of households in Shahrekord. Sixty participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups (20 participants per group). The experimental groups underwent 8 sessions of mindfulness-based compassion therapy and positive cognitive-behavioral therapy, each lasting 120 minutes. To determine the effectiveness of the interventions, the McLain Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire (1993) was used, and the data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Findings: The findings showed that the effectiveness of mindfulness-based compassion therapy and positive cognitive-behavioral therapy compared to the control group on ambiguity tolerance in the post-test were (0.691) and (0.560), and in the follow-up were (0.755) and (0.632), respectively. Additionally, the results indicated that mindfulness-based compassion therapy was more effective than positive cognitive-behavioral therapy. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, mindfulness-based compassion therapy can be used as a more sustainable and effective intervention than positive cognitive-behavioral therapy to increase ambiguity tolerance in female heads of households.

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the quality of life and resilience of women suffering from chronic pain. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The sample consisted of 120 women with chronic pain who visited medical centers in Tonekabon, from which 30 were selected through simple random sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group (15 per group). Data were collected using the Quality of Life Questionnaire (Ware & Sherbourne, 1992) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). The experimental group received eight weekly sessions based on the Kabat-Zinn protocol (2003). During this period, the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using repeated measures and SPSS software version 22. Findings: The results indicated that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly improved the quality of life (F=15.25, p<0.001) and resilience (F=38.86, p<0.001) of women with chronic pain. Conclusion: It can be concluded that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy enhances the quality of life and resilience of women with chronic pain and therefore, this therapy can be utilized to alleviate the problems faced by women with chronic pain.

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on resilience and self-efficacy in female heads of households. Methods: This research employed a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test control group design. The statistical population included female heads of households who sought counseling services at centers in Tehran in 2023. From this population, 30 individuals were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (15 participants) and a control group (15 participants). The instruments used in this study were the Resilience Questionnaire and the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. The experimental group received eight two-hour sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, while the control group did not receive any specific intervention. Findings: The findings indicated that the mean scores of resilience and self-efficacy in the post-test were significantly higher than those in the pre-test for the experimental group. Conclusion: Consequently, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has an effect on enhancing resilience and self-efficacy in female heads of households.

The principle of full compensation for damages is an accepted tenet in law, requiring that all damages incurred by the injured party be compensated. This study examines the methods of contractual compensation in the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal. First, the concept of the principle of contractual compensation and its conditions are discussed in various conventions and international legal documents. Given that the Tribunal represents one of the largest case- specific international arbitrations, its opinions and rulings can significantly influence or, at the very least, elucidate the practical aspects of arbitration within the realm of international law. This paper presents the rulings of the Tribunal, with a focus on decisions related to contract termination, reasonable compensation, and outstanding invoices. The findings indicate that in most cases, the Tribunal has awarded interest for damages and has followed a monetary approach to compensation.

این پژوهش با هدف تعیین رابطه بین معنای زندگی و ذهن آگاهی با شکوفایی و نقش میانجی کیفیت زندگی انجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی شاغل به تحصیل در سال تحصیلی 1402-1401 در دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان بودند. گروه نمونه که شامل 379 نفر بود با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چندمرحله ای انتخاب شدند. و به پرسشنامه معنای زندگی (استیگر و همکاران، 2006)، پرسشنامه ذهن آگاهی فرایبورگ، (والاچ و همکاران،2006)، پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی سازمان بهداشت جهانی، (1996) و پرسشنامه شکوفایی (داینر و همکاران،2010) پاسخ دادند. برای تحلیل داده ها از همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد.یافته های حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد که اثرات مستقیم معنای زندگی و ذهن آگاهی بر کیفیت زندگی و شکوفایی مثبت و معنادار بودند (01/0p< ). همچنین اثر کیفیت زندگی بر شکوفایی نیز مثبت و معنادار بود (01/0p< ). طبق نتایج اثرات غیر مستقیم معنای زندگی و ذهن آگاهی بر شکوفایی نیز مثبت و معنادار بود (01/0p< ). بر اساس این یافته ها می توان اینگونه استنتاج کرد که معنی زندگی و ذهن آگاهی با واسطه گری کیفیت زندگی بر شکوفایی تأثیر می گذارند. افرادی که سطوح بالایی از ذهن آگاهی را دارا هستند و در زندگی برای خود معنایی یافته اند؛ کیفیت زندگی بهتری داشته و ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی نیز به سهم خود منجر به شکوفایی و بالندگی در فرد می شود.