درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Despite widespread studies on language assessment literacy (LAL), there are still many unexplored areas about LAL (Gan & Lam, 2022). One of these areas is identifying various aspects of LAL regarding different language skills and scrutinizing the English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ involvement with these aspects. Accordingly, this study attempted to (a) explore Iranian EFL teachers’ perceptions, preferences, and difficulties of oral/aural skills LAL and (b) develop a scale to measure these teachers’ oral/aural skills LAL. The study was carried out in two phases. First, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 Iranian EFL teachers to identify their perceptions, preferences, and difficulties of oral/aural skills LAL. Second, the researchers developed a questionnaire based on a review of the literature on assessing oral/aural skills and the results of interviews. The questionnaire was reviewed by experts, revised accordingly, and administered to 150 Iranian EFL teachers who were selected through convenience sampling. The reliability of the questionnaire and its construct validity were then checked. The results of both phases of the study were compatible. The outcomes showed that almost all teachers represented dissatisfaction about their oral/aural skills LAL and they were enthusiastic to participate in assessment training courses. Furthermore, it was found that due to their lack of knowledge about oral/aural skills assessment, traditional techniques of assessment were widely used by Iranian EFL teachers.

The statement stated in a multiple-choice question can be developed regarding two types of sentences: Interruptive (periodic) and cumulative (or loose). This study deals with different kinds of stems in designing multiple-choice (MC) items. To fill the existing gap in the literature, two groups of teacher students passing general English courses at Farhangian University were selected based on Cambridge Placement Test. The design of this study was a comparison group design. To verify the effectiveness of the stems, i.e., interruptive and cumulative stems, two types of tests based on the book entitled Thoughts and Notions 2, which was taught in General English classes, similar in content, but different in their stems, were designed. Each test contained 40 items, 25 vocabulary items, and 15 items of reading comprehension. The first group of students was given the test designed using only interruptive sentences as stems. The second group participated in the test, being prepared using only cumulative sentences as stems. After the data analysis via an independent t-test, it became apparent that the first group outperformed the second. Therefore, it was concluded that interruptive sentences as a stem in multiple-choice tests were more reliable and valid than cumulative ones. One of the study implications is that the interruptive stems can be used to assist policymakers and material designers, and language teachers to be considered for future decision making, and designing materials.

Purpose: It is more than 30 years that Afghan people immigrate to Iran. This paper aims to find out the educational challenges Afghan High School students face in Iranian schools based on English teachers’ perspectives in Tehran province. Methodology: This research is qualitative and its kind is deductive. Based on the theoretical foundations of migration, relevant studies, especially the research of Sadegh Mousavi et al. (2019), Shishehgran and Haji Dehabadi (2018), and Songhori et al (2014) components of educational challenges were compiled. Guba and Lincoln indices (1994, quoted by Mohsenpour, 2013) were used to validate the components. The tool of this study is a Semi-structured interview based on the accredited components. Data analysis has been done by the use of Braun and Clarke’s thematic method (2006). The number of English teachers who have taught Afghan students for more than four years in public schools and participated in this study was about 32 (17 female and 15 male). Findings: The findings show that parents of these students rarely come to school to ask about the educational progress of their students, Afghan students adapt to the content of Iranian textbooks and the curriculum as the result of having a close relationship with Iranian culture, some students work after school to help their family financially. Regarding citizenship, Afghan students consider themselves differently as first-class Iranian citizens, second-class citizens, and some do not care about the issue of citizenship in Iran because they consider life in Iran to be temporary and intend to immigrate to European countries. Among the female students, no delinquency or victimization was observed by the English teachers, but the male teachers had heard of a few cases such as buying and selling drugs and consuming them. Considering that Afghan students are interested in learning English and its skills, it is necessary to take advantage of the presence of English teachers in reducing the educational challenges of students. Conclusion: This can be achieved by holding compensatory classes by these teachers themselves. This leads to more social communication between students and their English language teachers and to a large extent causes a kind of social control in preventing the occurrence of delinquency and delinquency. It is also suggested that the English language curriculum should pay attention to multiculturalism and anti-racism, and the necessary programs to familiarize school administrators, parents of students, teachers, and Iranian students, as well as parents of Afghan students and the students themselves should be provided.

Purpose: Considering the role and importance of establishing knowledge management in various organizations, the purpose of this research was to provide a model of factors affecting the establishment of knowledge management in the sailing federation. Methodology: This study was of applied method in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of execution. The study community was the employees of the Iran Rowing Federation in 1401, 20 of whom were selected as a sample using targeted and snowball sampling methods having conditions to enter the study. The samples responded to the researcher-made questionnaire of the factors affecting the establishment of knowledge management in the sailing federation (44 items) and its validity and reliability were evaluated appropriately. Data were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling methods in SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings: The findings showed that the factors affecting the establishment of knowledge management in the sailing federation have 14 factors of understanding and insight in employees, expertise of employees, committed managers, participation of employees, motivation of human resources, expertise in knowledge management processes, strategic processes, rules and internal processes, functional processes, innovative processes, technological capabilities, technological infrastructures, technological communication and recognition of knowledge management technologies. Also, the factor load of all factors was higher than 0.50, the convergent validity of all factors with the average variance extracted method was higher than 0.40, and the reliability of all factors with the combined method was higher than 0.70. In addition, the model of factors affecting the establishment of knowledge management in the sailing federation had a good fit, and the effect of all paths was evaluated as appropriate. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, an effective step can be taken to improve the establishment of knowledge management in the sailing federation through the identified factors.

Purpose: Electronic Tourism is one of the important components of expanding Tourism by synchronizing this industry with information technology. It has not been long since its emergence. Methodology: this field is a combination of tourism and information technology that is one of the most common types of income-generating businesses which is producing job opportunities in the modern world. The advancement of science alongside communication and information technologies presented many opportunities and threats to this field due to tech such as smartphones and sensors, virtual and augmented reality tools, NFC, RFID, etc. Findings: The disclosure of the tourists' information and the possible abuse of it is one such threat. Therefore privacy and non-disclosure of information should be important factors. Recognition of reputable sites is an important factor in solving this problem. In this study, we have presented a model for recognizing fake and phishing sites which use the CFS+PSO and a combination of Info+Ranger alongside their results to reduce the test dataset features so that it could present a model for categorizing and higher accuracy in recognizing phishing sites by using the Multilayer Perceptron method. The proposed model was successful in recognizing 95.5% of phishing sites. Counclusion: The effect of information technology on the tourism industry and the usage of internet websites for selling and providing tourism services to tourists have created new security challenges. Protecting the privacy and personal information of people and tourists is one of these challenges and the disclosure of such information could lead to abuse by unqualified people and dissatisfaction and distrust of such systems.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : Since freedom is one of the common desires of humanity and is rooted in human nature, there is a lot of literature about it; However, in Islamic jurisprudence, this word has a little history and it is referred to as a new issue. The debates raised by Islamic thinkers often do not look at the issue from a jurisprudential angle. This research tries to fill this gap. By emphasizing on Infallible imams school, the research describes the realm of freedom and its impact on contemporary life from a religious viewpoint with the aim of explaining the nature, limits and dimensions of freedom from a jurisprudential angle. METHOD AND FINDING : By using the method of qualitative analysis and referring to the verses and narrations and the opinions and opinions of Shia jurists and thinkers, it has reached the following findings: A: The principle of freedom is approved by religion and the school of infallible imams. B: Only freedom that is in the service and in the direction of achieving worldly and hereafter happiness is approved. C: Freedom in Islam is a means, not a goal. D: Political freedom is compatible with the theory of religious democracy. CONCLUSION : The article has concluded that the limit of human freedom in the school of infallible imams is where freedom becomes a barrier to the eternal happiness of an individual or human society.