Health

This review article consists of two studies about well-being and positive and negative emotions in two different cultures of Iran and Sweden as markers of collectivistic and individualistic cultures, respectively. Study 1 compared Iranian and Swedish undergraduate students with new measurements of well-being distinguishing between cognitive and emotional components (Diener et al., 2010). Whereas there was no difference between the two cultures in cognitive component of well-being, there were significant differences between the two cultures in emotional components. Iranian students reported more negative emotions while Swedish students reported more positive emotions. Furthermore, whereas, in Iranian population, negative emotions more strongly predicted their well-being, positive emotions more strongly predicted well-being in the Swedish population. In Study 2, the same measurements of well-being and positive and negative emotions were used among Iranian and Swedish infertile women who were in an unpleasant situation and experience a significant amount of stress and negative emotions. The results of this study also showed no difference between the two cultures with respect to cognitive component of well-being. There were again cultural differences in emotional component. Infertile Swedish women reported higher levels of positive and negative emotions than infertile Iranian women. In both infertile populations, the most predictive affect with regard to flourishing was the balance affect. It was concluded that, under a stressful and unpleasant situation like infertility compared to a normal situation (such as university student populations), the same pattern of distinction between cognitive and emotional components of well-being can be still observable. However, negative emotions can act differently at cultural level: they become more noticeable in the Swedish population than in the Iranian population. The results are discussed with respect to individualistic-collectivistic dimension. <br /> 

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to investigate the effects of exercise interventions on physical and psychological health in Iranian war veterans. Method: The search strategy for this review consisted of an electronic database search of full text papers in Google Scholar and SID.ir databases.10 studies met the eligibility criteria, all of them interventional in nature. The studies were analyzed separately according to the specific areas of study. Results: The studies demonstrate that exercise interventions have a significant impact on physical health, psychological health, and quality of life in Iranian war veterans. However, inconsistencies were generally apparent between some of the results. Conclusions: Exercise interventions have positive effects on physical and psychological health in Iranian war veterans. More investigation is needed to identify optimal exercise protocols for different groups of veterans.

Purpose: On the other hand, fatigue is one of the most important indicators of aging syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the level of physical activity and fatigue in elderly residents of rest homes in Tehran. Method: This was a descriptive correlational study in which 20 rest homes located in Tehran province constituted the study population. By visiting rest homes, the eligible subjects were chosen. Physical activity was measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). The FACIT Fatigue Scale is a short, 13-item, easy to administer tool that measures an individual’s level of fatigue during their usual daily activities over the past week. Nutritional status was evaluated by mini nutritional assessment (MNA). Results: The results of statistical analysis indicated a significant and positive correlation between PASE and FACIT scores (r=0.48, p<0.01) while, there was a significant negative correlation between FACIT score and age (r=-0.23, p<0.01). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between MNA and FACIT (r=0.40, p<0.01). In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between MNA and PASE score (r=0.31, p<0.01). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that holding sports classes under the supervision of exercise physiologists is an essential matter to increase health and prevent age-related complications in elderly residents of Tehran rest homes.

The present paper attempts to estimate the relationship between labor productivity and health, technological progress and education, using panel data observing 57-nation Orgamization of Islamic Coopeation, OIC over the period of 1995-2009. A two-step procedure was used with the first involving an estimate of labor productivity based on observations in the OPEC, GCC and ECO member countries and also African nations within the Islamic countries. The second step involved an estimate of the effect on labor productivity of health, technological progress and education. Our findings indicate that labor productivities in Islamic countries with some exceptions on an average are above 3 with the highest of 12 belonging to Azerbaijan. Exceptions are Somalia and Gabon with negative productivities and Brunei and Cameroun with productivities around one. The only variable influencing labor productivity in the Islamic countries is health with technology and education having no meaningful influence.

Abstract Objective: Health literacy is the capacity to get, process and realize basic information and services necessary to make proper decisions in the field of health. This study was conducted aimed at determining the relationship between health literacy and demographic variables of Yazd city citizens. Method: This study was a descriptive (cross-sectional) one the population included 385 people living in Yazd city. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. After completing the questionnaires, the data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software, Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi-square test. Results: the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between health literacy and age, gender and marital status. The highest correlation coefficient was observed in the relationship between health literacy and age. Conclusion: Due to the effective demographic variables, it seems that demographic characteristics-based interventions should be designed and implemented in order to improve the health literacy of citizens.

Objective: the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of anxiety sensitivity and attentional control in predicting the tendency toward addiction in youth. Method: The present study is a correlation type, in this regard, the number of 150 students were selecte through multistage cluster sampling. The attentional control questionnaire (Derryberry& Reed, 2002), anxiety sensitivity (Peterson& Reiss, 1987) and the readiness scale for drug abuse (Zargar, 2007) were performed on individuals. The research data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression. Results: The results showed that there is a significant correlation between attentional control and the lack of cognitive control with the tendency to addiction. Conclusion: According to the findings it can be concluded that in addition to social and biological factors, psychological factors such as attentional control and anxiety sensitivity is influential in the tendency and readiness of individuals to drug addiction. Keywords: Attentional control, Anxiety Sensitivity, The tendency to addiction,students, health

Objective: Today, work as a social identity plays an important role in success, health, and well-being. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of self-determined motivation with psychological, life, and workplace well-being. Method: The participants of this study consisted of 246 employees of Marun Oil and Gas Producing Company in Khuzestan in 2020, who were selected by stratified random sampling method. The instruments used in the study were Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (Gagné et al., 2015), and Employee Well-being Scale (Zheng et al., 2015). Canonical correlation and multiple regression analysis through SPSS-24 were used for data analysis. Results: Findings showed that among the three dimensions of self-determined motivation, autonomous motivation with a structural coefficient of 0.94 and among the components of employee well-being, workplace well-being with a structural coefficient of 0.99, had the maximum relationship with the first canonical variable resulting from independent and dependent variables. According to the results of simultaneous regression analysis, autonomous motivation was the most important predictor for psychological well-being (β=0.45, p=0.000), life well-being (β=0.30, p=0.001), and workplace well-being (β=0.45, p=0.000). Amotivation could predict workplace well-being (β= -0.34, p=0.000). However, controlled motivation could not predict any component of employee well-being. Conclusion: Based on the findings, autonomous motivation was the most important predictor of psychological, life, and workplace well-being. Therefore, it is recommended that organizations provide opportunity for development of this type of motivation.

The inappropriate indoor environmental quality of a building causes different problems such as headache and breathing difficulties which are called the syndrome of building sickness. These diseases reduce the efficiency of people and deteriorate the quality of their life. Studies carried out in hundreds of big office buildings across the world show that the indoor environment qualities of these buildings are about the average and a lot of employees are dissatisfied with their work place. Besides, the studies show that many of employees suffer from diseases associated with buildings. These diseases greatly affect the efficiency and working hours of employees and have grave economic consequences for the countries. If a space, including an office space, enjoys a qualitative interior, the employees`health and as a result their efficiency will improve. Therefore, attending to the indoor environment quality is a must in designing modern office buildings. The present field study was conducted on 10 office building in Kermanshah in winter 1390—a city which is located in a cold climate—and investigated the effect of environmental factors on the office indoor environment quality. The analysis of data by Statistical Package for Social Science Software1 revealed that the variables of suitable view and landscape, and ventilation have had the greatest effect and the sun light variable has had the smallest effect on the indoor environment quality.

Background: The Coronavirus not only affects physical health, but the outbreak of this virus can also have devastating psychological effects. To treat and diagnose, these impacts should be identified. This study aimed to investigate the role of Perfectionism and Self-compassion in predicting Coronavirus anxiety. Method: The sample consisted of 292 participants who responded online to the Coronavirus Anxiety Inventory, the Hewitt and Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HF-MPS), and Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF). Data were analyzed by correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results: The results have shown that the dimensions of perfectionism, and Self-compassion, predict Coronavirus anxiety (P <0.001). Also, Mindfulness and Common humanity, from Self-compassion components, could predict Coronavirus anxiety significantly (P <0.001). Conclusion: These findings indicate that Perfectionism is effective in exacerbating Coronavirus anxiety, and Self-compassion is effective in modulating it. These variables can play an important role in general health policies, the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Coronavirus anxiety.

INTRUDUCTION: Staff of medical centers, who are saviors of accident victims, face risks at work that may even lose their lives. Although different criteria have been used in different studies, the performance of medical centers in terms of health, safety, and environment (HSE) management has not been evaluated. Therefore, the extraction, grouping, and prioritization of the HSE management assessment criteria of medical centers were performed in the present study. METHODS: Using the systematic method, following examining the most important methods, the criteria and sub-criteria associated with the HSE management of the medical centers were extracted, grouped and prioritized using the opinions of experts. The entropy method was employed to analyze the criteria. FINDINGDS: Total of 33 criteria and 166 sub-criteria were extracted which from them the criteria of operation control, risk management, and resource management had the highest repetition in the performance assessment methods. Finally, the cases were classified in 13 criteria and 35 sub-criteria, and the criteria of strategic management and compliance with laws and regulations were of the highest importance from the viewpoint of the study experts.

INTRODUCTION: The imposition of quarantine in pandemics brings about negative psychological consequences. Sufficient understanding based on environmental and behavioral sciences leads to the prediction of needs and preparedness. Given the role of housing and the environment on health, awareness of their effects on the COVID-19 pandemic will facilitate future actions and risk management planning. METHODS: The present cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted based on a mixed-method approach. In the qualitative section, participants who were selected by non-probability sampling method were interviewed via phone, and data collection continued until data saturation using the snowball method. A number of 27 telephone interviews were conducted and after the content analysis of unorganized data, the questionnaire was developed in three parts, the initial pilot was conducted on 30 participants, and Cronbach's alpha was calculated at 0.76. Moreover, 144 online questionnaires were completed in What’sApp virtual groups by purposive and available sampling method, followed by statistical analysis. FINDINGS: As evidenced by the obtained results, in house and interior design scales, surface area; furniture; color; opening and outdoor space as well as living space and in neighborhood scale, density indicators; shared accesses and spaces have positively affected the tolerance of quarantine, reduction of anxiety, and health improvement. Furthermore, stress-reducing places were found to be different in different age groups. In addition, some motivations have generated some new behaviors and needs which are supported by such affordances as openings and windows to open spaces for the provision of natural daylight and ventilation, as well as a specific open space for movement, nature enjoyment, activity, physical activity, and contact with the natural environment. CONCLUSION: There was a reciprocal relationship between behavioral orientations and environmental-physical aspects of housing in the current health crisis. The residential environment can influence disease prevention and the promotion of health-related behaviors.

The article explores approaches to assessing the quality of health care sites. The main components of evaluation are identified. The author's toolkit for health site evaluation is offered. It is based on the three branches of resource competitiveness (content, technical and marketing components). Twenty parameters of site quality calculation are defined, which have the scale and are supported by determining the weights of components. The scaling of the resulting indicator is proposed. It allows designation of the level of development of the particular site in the field of health. The practical approbation of the proposed method was carried out on the example of Ukrainian sites on the topic of rehabilitation and disease prevention. The diagram of the grouping of websites on a level of development of separate components is constructed to define the further directions of work with these sites to strengthen their competitive positions in the "Health" category. The author's typology of health sites depending on the calculated numerical combinations of the quality assessment level of components is given. It also describes the state of the "ideal" mix of components of the health site, which is formed based on the balance of individual elements.

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Purpose- Health is one of the main axes of sustainable development and has a main role in flourishing and improving the quality of life. Housing, as an important factor can have a direct impact on human health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the climatic elements on rural housing and their impact on the health of villagers. Design/methodology/approach- This research is a descriptive cross-sectional study of the housing health status of 1150 households in 2020 which was done by a library research method (statistical data of Sarvabad city health center) and a field study method (interview and questionnaire). The studied index of climatic factors includes four elements of radiation, heat, humidity and wind, which have the greatest impact on the housing of villagers. Finding- Field surveys in Pirshalyar district showed that more than 67% of mountainous settlements are south-west. 23% of other settlements are located in the north, east and west. Sunlight illuminates only 20 to 25 percent of the home space. Villagers usually thicken the walls to withstand the temperature (heat and cold). Also, it was shown that the average diameter of dry walls is between 100 and 75 cm. The results showed that 89% of the first-floor residential units are wet and damp. Wind flow in some seasons causes the spread of germs and parasites in the villages.

Background: The coaching styles are a powerful force that can affect the health of athletes and their view of sports. Aim : The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Coaches' Behavioral Style (CBS) and Exercise Pleasure (EP) and Athletes' Moral Health (AMH). Materials and Methods: This research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study included all athletes in Neyriz city. Three questionnaires were used for data collection: CBS questionnaire of Chelladurai and Saleh (1980), EP questionnaire of Scanlan et al. (1993), and AMH questionnaire of Vallerand et al. (1996). Descriptive statistics and the Spearman correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that although some of the components of AMH and CBS, such as negativism, were inverse, overall, there was a positive and significant relationship between CBS and AMH. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between AMH and EP. Conclusion: According to the results, CBS can affect AMH and EP. Therefore, sports coaches should choose their behavior style according to athletes' needs, however, based on their willingness in supportive and participatory styles

The present research examined the effects of the affective and cognitive benefits of exercise in Instagram on users' physical activity through two consecutive studies. The results of the first study showed that the designed content provided sufficient cognitive and affective benefits. Similarly, the second study found that after adjusting the basic PA level, the affective and cognitive groups had more PA than the control group, and the cognitive group had more than the control group. Consecutively, 45.75% of subjects who were inactive were turned into active after one week of being taught of the benefits of exercise, with 71.43% in the affective group and 28.57% in the cognitive group. In terms of gender, 84.12% were women and 15.78% were men. As a result, visual exposure to sports participation might have led to an increase in positive feelings among users, especially women, which may have led to increased PA levels. The results of this study are useful for health professionals who are trying to communicate information about the benefits of exercise to their target audience based on a combination of evidence, gender, and PA level.

Purpose: On the other hand, fatigue is one of the most important indicators of aging syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the level of physical activity and fatigue in elderly residents of rest homes in Tehran. Method: This was a descriptive correlational study in which 20 rest homes located in Tehran province constituted the study population. By visiting rest homes, the eligible subjects were chosen. Physical activity was measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). The FACIT Fatigue Scale is a short, 13-item, easy to administer tool that measures an individual’s level of fatigue during their usual daily activities over the past week. Nutritional status was evaluated by mini nutritional assessment (MNA). Results: The results of statistical analysis indicated a significant and positive correlation between PASE and FACIT scores (r=0.48, p<0.01) while, there was a significant negative correlation between FACIT score and age (r=-0.23, p<0.01). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between MNA and FACIT (r=0.40, p<0.01). In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between MNA and PASE score (r=0.31, p<0.01). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that holding sports classes under the supervision of exercise physiologists is an essential matter to increase health and prevent age-related complications in elderly residents of Tehran rest homes.

Plants as the life giving entities have important role in mental and physical health of human. In the modern time with expansion of the cities and increase of industrial centers and living style change and decrease of social negligence about green spaces as the factor for mental diseases, altogether have been propounded for many psychologists and physicians. In this way considering green spaces is necessary to peace of mind. This article intends to study sense and visual capabilities of artificial green spaces using descriptive method and their effects on human. The results show that connection with green space directly or using senses can contribute to reach mental health. It is hoped this research can provide conditions to further researches.

Purpose: Start-up businesses have attracted considerable attention regarding the new approach in the modern economy The present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the improvement of customers’ online shopping experience in e-commerce start-ups in the healthcare sector.Method: This is an applied research conducted as a descriptive-survey. The target population includes all customers who used the electronic start-up services in the healthcare sector; out of which a sample of 384 individuals was selected using the Morgan table. A self-administered questionnaire was developed to collect the data which were analyzed using partial least squares and Smart-PLS software.Findings: All research hypotheses were confirmed, and it was proved that factors such as customer respect, customer enjoyment, importance of time, information security, convenience, perceived experience, valuable experience, and perceived image experience have a positive effect on improving customers’ online shopping experience in e-commerce start-ups.Conclusion: Applying the proposed model helps e-start-ups increase their performance   by eliminating their shortcomings and boosting their strengths.