مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه
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Iran
حوزه های تخصصی:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, faculty members and students had to leave their face-to-face (FTF) classes and move into emergency distance education (EDE) contexts. Due to this drastic change in the system of education, investigating the probable effects of EDE on the quality of education seems essential. As such, this study has attempted to probe the effect of EDE on the language skills of Iranian EFL students. To do so, drawing on the maximum variation sampling, the present study embarked on a qualitative descriptive research method, triangulating data through written open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to collect data from 170 EFL students from different universities in Iran. The sample included BA students majoring in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) and English Literature, aged above 18. Using Thematic Analysis (TA), students’ responses were transcribed, codified, and interpreted. The findings of TA revealed that along with several disadvantages and challenges that Iranian EFL students experienced in EDE with regard to learning English language skills, EDE provided some opportunities and benefits for their learning. The analysis of students’ responses also indicated that they deemed speaking skill as the most negatively influenced language skill and listening skill as the most positively affected skill. Furthermore, the findings represented that most of the students held teachers and administrators responsible for the problems and challenges they experienced in EDE contexts. The findings of the present study can encourage administrators, teachers, and students to prepare themselves for EDE against the possible subsequent waves.
Indeterminate Regionalism in the Middle East
منبع:
راهبرد سیاسی سال چهارم زمستان ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۱۵
93 - 112
حوزه های تخصصی:
This paper will examine regionalism and anti-regionalism trends in the Middle East after the Arab uprisings. The implementation of Trump policies in the region, the rise and fall of ISIS, the decline of the Arab uprisings, the convergence and divergence trends in the Middle East, especially among its three major actors Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, have caused particular complexities. All this, has made it impossible to speak of the regional order in the Middle East, and the two processes of regionalism and anti-regionalism in the region are simultaneously emerging. The paper will explore these opposing trends in terms of recent developments and will essentially emphasize how these two opposite processes will reproduce each other in terms joint and divided security concerns? And why regionalism has not ever been fully evolved in the Middle East? It seems that the multiplicity of influential factors and the complexity of the existing relations have made very difficult the possibility of convergence and specifically regionalism in the Middle East.
تحلیل محتوای تطبیقی کتاب های ریاضی پایه اول ابتدایی از منظر شاخص خلاقیت گیلفورد
منبع:
آموزش پژوهی دوره ششم بهار ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۱ (پیاپی ۲۱)
65 - 84
حوزه های تخصصی:
پژوهش حاضر به تحلیل محتوای کتاب های ریاضی پایه اول ابتدایی آمریکا، ژاپن و ایران از منظر شاخص خلاقیت گیلفورد می پردازد. در این تحلیل، تکالیف واگرا به عنوان عامل ایجاد خلاقیت تعیین شده و به بررسی میزان آن تکالیف در کتاب های ریاضی کشورهای یادشده پرداخته است. این پژوهش یک تحلیل محتوای کیفی است. تکالیف واگرا در این سه کتاب بر اساس شاخص های خلاقیت گیلفورد یعنی حافظه شناختی، تفکر همگرا، تفکر واگرا وتفکر ارزشیاب و ویژگی های انعطاف پذیری، اصالت و سیال بودن بررسی شده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که میزان تکالیف واگرا ارائه شده در هر یک از این سه کتاب یکسان نبوده و هر یک، سطح متفاوتی از شاخص های خلاقیت گیلفورد را دارا هستند. محتوای کتاب ریاضی ژاپن روی تفکر همگرا تمرکز بیشتری دارد. تفکر ارزشیاب تنها در محتوای کتاب ریاضی پایه اول ابتدایی کشور آمریکا گنجانده شده است. محتوای کتاب ریاضی پایه اول ایران دانش آموزان را از مبحث اصلی دور می کند و این تکالیف، تفکر دانش آموزان را به سمت مفاهیمی غیر از مفاهیم موجود در کتاب ریاضی و مبحث مورد نظر سوق می دهد و این نه تنها کمکی به خلاقیت ذهنی دانش آموزان نمی کند، بلکه دانش آموزان را از فکر کردن خسته می کند و به مفهوم موردنظر نرسیده، دچار آشفتگی می شوند.
Colonial Roots of the Persian Gulf Sheikhdoms' Action in Front of the Imposed War(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
The study of the role of some Western-affiliated factors, especially the colonial identities in the Persian Gulf in the imposed war against Iran, based on the occurrence and continuation of this war reflects the inadequacies of British colonial heritage in the periphery of Iran. The slogan of independence from the East and the West and the reaction of the sheiks of the Persian Gulf region showed the extent of their reliance on supra-regional powers. This is the basis of the behavior of some of Iran's neighbors towards the slogans of independence and freedom of the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the behavior and performance of the sheikhdoms of the Persian Gulf during the imposed war indicated their connection with Western colonialism.This article seeks to answer the basic question of the role of the colonial identity of the Persian Gulf sheikhdoms in their behavior and action in the face of war by examining historical documents and based on the method of library studies and analytical methods and by explaining the historical identity of the Persian Gulf sheikhdoms. Has it been imposed on Iran for eight years? The results of this study indicate that the requirements of historical and political identity have played a decisive role in the degree of support or opposition of this sheikhdom to independent currents based on indigenous and Islamic identity and this is the basis for their efforts to strike. Hitting the interests of Iranian revolutionaries in the form of imposed war.
Estimation of Seigniorage Laffer curve in IRAN: A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Framework(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
There are two sources for governments to raise their revenues. The first is the direct taxation levied on output, and the second is seigniorage. Seigniorage is also known as printing new money and is defined as the value of real resources acquired by the government through its power of sovereignty on its monopoly of printing money. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Laffer curve for Seigniorage in the economy of Iran through data-set collected from the statistical books of the central bank of Iran related to the time period 1979-2010. For this purpose, we use a methodology that is based on the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm that is widely used in the context of pattern recognition, and the Takagi-Sugeno approach which is proper for modeling fuzzy systems. This methodology is exceptionally flexible and provides a computationally tractable method of dealing with non-linear models in high dimensions. Our findings support a standard Laffer curve shape in Iran. In other words, it will be concluded through empirical results that there is a nonlinear relationship between seigniorage and inflation for the economy of Iran in the time period studied in this paper. JEL Classification: E43, E52, E62
The Inflationary Impact of Energy Subsidy Reform in Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Iran has suffered ever-increasing domestic energy consumption, mostly because of its long-standing price control policy. To decelerate this trend, Iran began a reform on its energy subsidy system in December 2010. This paper examines the inflationary impact of the energy subsidy reform on different Iranian non-energy sectors and urban and rural households by making an updated input–output price model and deriving the energy price elasticities (the percentage change in price of non-energy sectors in response to a one percent change in price of energy carriers). The results show that full reform (increasing the domestic energy prices immediately to average regional market prices) would increase consumption prices by 54.1% that impresses the expenditures of urban households more. In addition, the manufacture of non-metallic mineral products, basic metal industries, and transport, storage and communication sectors would experience the largest increase in production prices. Finally, electricity, natural gas and gasoline have the largest impact on production prices. JEL Classification: A11, H70, H71
Should all Iranian Citizens Receive the Same Subsidy Rebate?(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
The ‘Subsidy Targeting Project’ was introduced by the government of Iran in 2010 to ease the impact of removing price subsidies (carried out as part of recent economic liberalization reforms). Under this scheme, regardless of their socio-economic characteristics, Iranian citizens residing in Iran receive the same amount of cash rebate (currently 455,000 Iranian Rials per month). This paper uses the equivalence scales approach to query the fairness of this policy exercise. We use Iran’s Household Expenditure and Income Surveys datasets for 1984-2007 (compiled annually by the Statistical Centre of Iran) to estimate the Engel-curve-based equivalence scales which take account of the main household features: size, geographic location, and a number of characteristics of head of household. Our estimates suggest a clear profile of redistribution which questions the fairness of disregarding households’ characteristics in such a large scale redistribution exercise which was primarily designed to offset the welfare impacts of removing price subsidies. JEL Classification: I30, I31, I32, I38
Optimal Policy Rules for Iran in a DSGE Framework (Islamic Musharakah Approach)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
The aim of this paper is determination of an optimal policy rule for Iranian economy from an Islamic perspective. This study draws on an Islamic instrument known as the Musharakah contract to design a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. In this model the interest rate is no longer considered as a monetary policy instrument and the focus is on the impact of economic shocks on the Dynamics of Macroeconomic variables. Finally, a policy rule based on Musharakah is introduced from which the optimal policy and empirical coefficients are derived. Using data from Iran, the empirical results indicate that the policy responses of central bank to output gap and inflation are in accordance with expectations and therefore, economically meaningful. So specified instrument policy rule has to be considered as optimal in general. The optimal policy rules indicate that when the authorities pay equal attention to the inflation and output gaps the minimum loss is occurred. JEL Classifications: C61, C63, E42, E52
The Effects of Energy Subsidy Reform on Fuel Demand in Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
To prevent further increases in energy consumption, the government of Iran commenced energy subsidy reform in 2010. This paper investigates the fuel conservation effects of the reform in Iran using a homothetic translog cost function that provides estimates of the own- and cross-price elasticities of fuel demands. The percentage reduction in fuel demands is estimated using the likely effect of the reform on fuel prices. The results reveal that the reform may not be as successful as assumed. Under optimistic assumptions, the reform may reduce energy consumption marginally, and under pessimistic assumptions, it may increase energy consumption because of inelastic fuel demands and substantial substitution between fuels. JEL Classifications: C32, Q38, Q43
Relationship between Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty in Iran: An Application of SETAR-GARCH Model(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the inflation and inflation uncertainty in Iran. Using mixed models of self-exciting threshold autoregressive (SETAR) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH), the inflation behaviors are examined for the period 1990M05-2013M10. This approach allows testing the hypotheses of Friedman-Ball, Pourgerami-Maskus, Cukierman-Meltzer, and Holland during different inflationary regimes. The results indicate that an increase in Iran’s inflation leads to higher inflation uncertainty, as predicted by Friedman-Ball Hypothesis, while the other three hypotheses are not confirmed. Positive unidirectional causality from inflation to uncertainty seems to be significant only in periods of relatively higher inflation, but not in periods of low inflation. The finding is important because it confirms the existence of regime-dependent effect of inflation on public’s expectations about future inflation; that, in trend, it reduces economic activity and misallocates resources. This is a new insight about asymmetric behaviour of inflation in Iran that has noteworthy implications for policy-makers, especially for price stabilizing and inflation targeting. JEL Classifications: C22, E31.
Bank Lending Behaviour over the Business Cycle in Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
This paper studies bank loans over the business cycles in Iran to determine the role of Iranian banks in stabilizing credit. By estimating the long-run relations using dynamic OLS and fully modified OLS estimators, the findings show that real bank lending is positively related to real GDP in the long-run providing evidences of the pro-cyclicality of bank lending in Iran. Hence, Iranian banking system has not operated far away from the conventional banking system in that they have not the ability to stabilize credit over business cycles. The results of Toda-Yamamoto’s (1995) Granger non-causality test indicate a unidirectional causality running from real GDP to real bank lending. Moreover, the impulse response functions from estimating vector autoregressive models suggest positive and statistically significant response of real bank lending to shocks from real GDP reaffirming the pro-cyclicality of bank lending in Iran. JEL Classification: C22, E32, G21
The Effect of Divorce on Urban Housing Costs in Iran: A Spatial Autocorrelation Model(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
In addition to traditional factors, demographic changes also depend on factors such as marriage and divorce. Yet only a few researchers investigated the impact of divorce on housing costs. The aim of this paper is to estimate the effect of divorce on housing costs in Iran. Doing so, we have applied a fixed Panel Spatial Autocorrelation model using the data from a set of Iranian provinces over the period of 2006-2014. The results indicate that a one-percent point rise in divorce increases housing rental index by about 1.05% point directly and indirectly. The outcomes also show that household size has a negative and significant effect, but the per capita gross domestic product and the population have positive and significant effects on the housing rental index. On average, a one-percent point increase in the housing rental index of any provinces will increase the housing rental index in a province by about 0.34 percentage points.
Capital Adequacy Ratio and Financing Behavior in Iran’s Banking System(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
For Iran as an oil exporter country, heavy reliance on the extractive sector for generating fiscal revenues and export earnings translates into increased vulnerabilities to oil price shocks. The structure of the economic policy, and the banking systems make macroprudential policy a particular relevant tool for Iran. The capital adequacy is a macro prudential instrument used to maintain the stability of Iranian financial system by considering the bank capital condition. This paper examines the impact of capital adequacy on financing behavior in Iranian banking system. The paper uses generalized method of moment estimation (GMM) technique and by employing bank-level data for both public and private banks covering the period 2003-2016, we analyze the reaction of bank financing behavior toward capital adequacy policy. The findings indicate that capital adequacy ratio is observed to be effective in curtailing financing behavior of banking institutions. Furthermore, the results reveal that the impact of capital adequacy in managing credit expansion of private banks was greater than public banks.
Représentation de la Technoscience dans deux Œuvres de Science-Fiction persane (Rostam au 22e Siècle et S.G.L.L)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
La théorie de la construction sociale stipule que le traitement destiné aux objets et faits réels est informée par l’imaginaire social qui entoure cet objet. Cela est également vrai de la science dont le discours social est axé sur le concept de l’objectivité. Or, certains romans mettent en question la crédibilité de « la science objective » en tant que discours uniforme et cohérent. Tout d’abord, parce que la science, malgré toutes les procédures et méthodes développées pour assurer l’objectivité, est maniée par un agent subjectif : l’« homme » scientifique. Ensuite, parce qu’il n’y a pas « une » seule science. A travers l’examen de deux œuvres de science-fiction iranienne, Rostam au 22e siècle de Abdolhossein Sanati Kermani et S.G.L.L de Sadegh Hedayat, la présente étude cherche à révéler le traitement discriminatoire que l’imaginaire social réserve à deux branches scientifiques, c’est-à-dire la mécanique et la biologie. L’objectif est, primo, de montrer comment ces œuvres du début du 20e siècle présentent la biologie comme la source des menaces existentielles et la mécanique comme la voie du salut, et secundo, d’interroger les solutions technologiques (confort généralisé), politiques (scientifique roi) et juridiques (robot juge) que ces œuvres proposent aux méfaits de la technoscience. L’articulation des réflexions de Ian Hacking et de Gilbert Simondon nous munit d’un cadre théorique approprié pour remonter aux sources de cette dualité : vecteur discursif et imaginaire de la pensée scientifique.
A Mathematical Model for Multi-Region, Multi-Source, Multi-Period Generation Expansion Planning in Renewable Energy for Country-Wide Generation-Transmission Planning(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Environmental pollution and rapid depletion are among the chief concerns about fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. Renewable energy sources do not suffer from such limitations and are considered the best choice to replace fossil fuels. The present study develops a mathematical model for optimal allocation of regional renewable energy to meet a country-wide demand and its other essential aspects. The ultimate purpose is to minimize the total cost by planning, including power plant construction and maintenance costs and transmission costs. Minimum-cost flow equations are embedded in the model to determine how regions can supply energy to other regions or rely on them to fulfill annual demand. In order to verify the applicability of the model, it is applied to a real-world case study of Iran to determine the optimal renewable energy generation-transmission decisions for the next decade. Results indicate that the hydroelectric and solar power plants should generate the majority of the generated renewable electricity within the country, according to the optimal solution. Moreover, regarding the significant population growth and waste generation in the country’s large cities, biomass power plants can have the opportunity to satisfy a remarkable portion of electricity demand.
Iran's Structure, Policies, and Actions against the Spread of Infectious Diseases in the Contemporary Period(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
ژئوپلیتیک سال هفدهم بهار ۱۴۰۰ ویژه نامه
71 - 89
حوزه های تخصصی:
Various infectious diseases have plagued humankind and killed millions throughout history. Crisis management by governments has been crucial in such emergencies. This study aims to examine the method of crisis management caused by epidemics, especially Corona in Iran, and seeks to discover the policies and measures which have been taken by governments to prevent the spread of diseases and treat these diseases since the Qajar period. In this research, which was carried out by historical method and with a descriptive-analytical approach, to collect data, documents related to the subject, identification, study, and required information were extracted and indexed. Findings indicate that the policy-making process has been better and more effective by passing of time. Thus, the minimum programs implemented by the government were not successful for various reasons in the Qajar period, but infectious diseases were mainly controlled due to the compulsion to implement health regulations in the Pahlavi period. Great strides have been made in preventing the spread of infectious diseases after the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Since the outbreak of corona disease, various measures have been taken to control the disease, which has helped curb public awareness and participation to a large extent, and Iran is now on the verge of producing the corona vaccine and launching it on the market.
Re-Focusing on Iran-Russia Cooperation in the Syrian Crisis; A ‘broader’ Strategic Stability on Agenda(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
ژئوپلیتیک سال هفدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۶۴)
156 - 185
حوزه های تخصصی:
The main purpose of this article is to examine how and to what extent Iran-Russia cooperation is effective in ensuring ‘broader’ strategic stability through balancing in the Middle East. Strategic stability and balance of power are interrelated components of the region’s order which have changed following the Arab Spring and the Syrian crisis. The article analyzes Iran and Russia’s impact on these two concepts, with a systemic approach, paying attention to interrelationship of variables at regional and international levels. Although strategic stability has been generally considered an issue at international level of great powers politics, this paper, emphasizing on evolution of international relations, believes in a new, complex and multilayered definition of strategic stability - a ‘broader’ one in the Middle East, which is not necessarily ensured by agreements or balance among great powers. The results indicate that Iran-Russia cooperative balancing in the Syrian crisis against the US and at regional level with emphasis on a broad regional balance system has been effective in providing ‘broader’ strategic stability in the region. Although Russia's policy in this field put some limits on Iran, strategically it serves Iran’s interests.
The Role of Haushofer's Theory in Nazi Germany (Its Impact on Iran's National Security)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
ژئوپلیتیک سال هفدهم زمستان ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۴ (پیاپی ۶۴)
263 - 288
حوزه های تخصصی:
The Middle East and North Africa have always been of great interest to global thought and power due to their strategic location and huge fuel resources. One instance was Nazi Germany, which had specific geographical considerations for the region. This study seeks to answer the question: "How did the change in the role of German geopolitics from Haushofer's Ideas to Hitler's affect the fate of Iran during Reza Shah's reign?"; We will explain what happened, and why it happened. This research is descriptive-analysis in terms of its nature and method. In this article, an attempt was made to use graphical models to better understand concepts. The results indicate that Nazi Germany's ideas for conquering the world under Adolf Hitler and Rudolf Hess were very different from those of Haushofer. In World War II, Haushofer’s theory was replaced by Hitler's viewpoints. This change had a direct impact on Iran's strategy; Reza Shah adopted a neutral strategy during this period, which eventually led to defeat and military occupation of Iran. Thus, when Nazi Germany's strategy shifted from Haushofer’s to Hitler’s, Reza Shah should have changed his approach too.
Investigating Spatial-Physical Consequences of Polygamy Phenomenon in Border Villages of Iran (Case Study: Hirmand County)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Purpose- The most common type of marriage in Iran is monogamy, however polygamy is sometimes happening. It seems that the situation of polygamy, as well as the causes and factors involved in it, is varied in different geographic regions and even within the geographical regions of Iran. Also, the phenomenon in different regions will have many physical consequences. So, the basic question is, given the particular geographical situation and ethnic diversity in the region, what are the physical consequences of polygamy on rural settlements in Hirmand County? The purpose of this study was to analyze the situation and spatial consequences of polygamy phenomenon in rural areas of Hirmand County in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Design/methodology/approach- The research is descriptive-analytical and based on, field studies and completion households’ questionnaires. The statistical population of the study consisted of 303 villages, which after the consultation with members of the councils, local experts in the study area, 30 villages with prevailing occurrence of polygamy had been selected by proportional allocation method according to their destination to the border. SPSS and ArcGIS soft wares were used for data and statistical analysis and zoning. Findings- The results of the study confirm that the less distance between the villages of Hirmand County from the border of Iran and Afghanistan, the more polygamy cases in villages within a radius of 5 km of the border is more common than other villages. In this regard, the results of Kendall test confirm the significant relationship between this lifestyle and its impact on the physical development of villages. Originality / Value- A review in the literature of research shows that this issue has not been taken into consideration in previous studies related to the field of geography. To this regard, the study, understanding the necessity and importance of this issue, sought to study and analyze the situation of polygamy as well as to analyze its physical consequences on the rural settlements in Hirmand County.
Impact of Targeted Subsidies Implementation on Inequality in Iranian Rural Area (Case Study: Villages of Neishabour County)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزه های تخصصی:
Purpose-The implementation of targeted subsidies policy in Iran is among the actions that, have been taken with the aim of reduction of poverty, reducing social class differences between different deciles of society and specially upgrading rural indicators in rural areas. The present study has been conducted with the purpose of evaluating the impacts of targeted subsidies on expansion of inequality in rural areas. Design/methodology/approach -This fundamental-exploratory research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The required data were collected through both field and documentary methods. In this study, first, the research indicators were investigated during two six-year courses before targeted subsidies (2005-2010) and after targeted subsidies (2011-2016) at the level of all villages in the country and the average of each indicator was compared between the two periods before and after targeted subsidies and then the obtained results of this part were compared with the results of field research in the study sample. In this study, 22 villages of Neishabour county were selected as a sample by systematic random method using Cochran's formula. Finding- Findings of this study show that cash subsidies accounted for 7.56% of a household income portfolio in the case study in 2019. But the Gini coefficient in the period after targeted subsidies was higher than the period before the targeted subsidies, while the ratio of 10% 0f the wealthiest to 10% of the poorest population in the rural areas of the sample in 2018 was equal to 20.67. Also, despite the original goal of targeted subsidy plan, the lower deciles are far more pressured by rising energy prices, and household food expenditures are spent on food groups. However, the average caloric intake of each person in the tenth decile is seven times that of the first decile. Also, in 70% of the households of the first decile, there were no employed people. In general, the villages of the country have faced a worsening situation in seven indicators, both in the macro dimension and in a case study, but an improvement has been observed in case of one indicator.