مطالب

Despite the scientific and technological progress seen in the human world today, we are witnessing the disproportionate growth of violence in human society. It is, thus, necessary to talk about tolerance in such a time. The purpose of this study is to examine tolerance within the framework of Sadra's philosophy. The theoretical foundations of tolerance in Transcendent Theosophy will be explained in four categories: epistemology, methodology, ontology, and anthropology. Though Sadra has been influenced by Aristotelian virtue ethics, he takes a step forward and analyzes tolerance from an ontological point of view, understanding it not as a merely moral virtue but as an ontological-existential perfection towards Godlikeness "ὁμοίωσις θεῷ" [homoiōsis theō] which is the very essence of wisdom. Tolerance and violence in Sadra’s philosophy constitute two pyramid-like structures reciprocally. The pyramid of tolerance has reason and justice at its pinnacle while on the top of the pyramid of violence lie ignorance and injustice. Thus, pro-tolerance behavior is resulted from a rational mindset and pro-violence behavior has its origin in ignorance and idiocy. Outcomes of tolerance are the increase of wisdom, social dignity, and influence on people while stagnation, social humility, and isolation result from violence. It is needless to say neither tolerance is always applauded nor violence is always despised. This is why one can speak of the wrath of God and His saints in a meaningful way. Rather it is because of the conditions and their relation with reason and ignorance that we can reach a judgment in this regard. The study is concluded by a reality-based account of Sadra's treatment of his opponents which is followed by an elaboration of his tolerance-centered approach.

Purpose: Woman-headed households experience more psychological issues and a lower level of psychological well-being compared to other women. The goal of this research is to investigate the relationship between hardiness and resilience in Woman-headed households, with hope serving as a mediator. Methodology: The present study is a part of descriptive-correlational research utilizing the cross-sectional research method and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The statistical population for the study consists of all woman-headed households assisted by the welfare organization in Tehran from July to December 2023. A total of 192 woman-headed households were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling as the statistical sample. Research instruments utilized were the Adult Hope Scale (AHS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Kobasa's Hardiness Scale (KHS). Descriptive statistics were performed using SPSS version 27 software, while path coefficients between constructs were analyzed using Amos version 24 software. The CB-SEM method was employed to develop the structural equation model. A significance level of 0.05 was used in the analysis. Findings: Based on the current research findings, it was found that hardiness positively and significantly impacted the variable of Hope (β=0.801, P=0.001). Similarly, the variable of hardiness also had a positive and significant effect on Resilience (β=0.953, P=0.001). There was no notable effect of the Hope factor on Resilience (P=0.868). The study revealed that hardiness did not indirectly and significantly influence Resilience through Hope (β=0.008 and P=0.864). Conclusion: The findings of the current research indicated that hardiness leads to higher levels of hope and resilience. However, the study found that hope does not have a notable impact on resilience, and as a mediator, it did not show any effectiveness in the research.