درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective: This study aimed to explore how humor functions as a coping mechanism that contributes to marital satisfaction among couples in Slovenia. Methods and Materials: A qualitative design was employed, relying on semi-structured interviews to capture couples’ lived experiences of humor in marriage. Twenty-four participants (12 couples) from Slovenia, married for at least three years, were recruited using purposive sampling. Interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved, with each session lasting between 60 and 90 minutes. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software. Trustworthiness was enhanced through peer debriefing, member checking, and triangulation with field notes. Findings: Four major themes emerged from the data: (1) Humor as an Emotional Buffer, where couples described humor as a strategy for stress relief, emotional recovery, and conflict de-escalation; (2) Humor and Intimacy, highlighting the role of shared jokes, playful teasing, and affectionate humor in strengthening closeness and trust; (3) Humor as a Communication Strategy, with participants explaining how humor allowed them to soften criticism, indirectly express sensitive issues, and repair conflicts; and (4) Humor and Marital Resilience, where humor facilitated coping with external stressors, fostered perspective-taking, and sustained hope during challenges such as illness or financial strain. Couples reported that affiliative and self-enhancing humor styles were most beneficial, while aggressive humor could undermine satisfaction. Humor was also noted as increasingly expressed through digital interactions, including memes and messaging. Conclusion: The findings suggest that humor is a multidimensional coping resource in marriage, functioning simultaneously as an emotional, relational, communicative, and resilience-enhancing tool. While humor generally promotes marital satisfaction, its effects depend on style and context. These insights highlight the importance of constructive humor in maintaining healthy, satisfying, and enduring marital relationships.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the core components of collective coping in families managing the challenges of chronic illness, focusing on how emotional, relational, and social processes interact to sustain resilience. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with 20 family members of patients living with chronic illness in Ireland. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling to ensure variation in roles, including spouses, parents, adult children, and siblings. Interviews were conducted either face-to-face or via secure online platforms, with each lasting between 60 and 90 minutes. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using NVivo software version 14, following an iterative coding process of open coding, categorization, and theme development. Reflexivity and peer debriefing were used to enhance credibility and trustworthiness. Findings: Four overarching themes emerged, each encompassing multiple subthemes. Emotional solidarity captured shared emotional expression, empathic support, hope maintenance, anxiety management, and the protection of vulnerable members. Collaborative problem-solving included shared decision-making, role and task distribution, resource pooling, adaptive planning, and conflict resolution. Meaning-making and resilience reflected reframing illness as a shared challenge, strengthening family identity, engaging in collective spiritual practices, and narrative sharing. External support and community connection encompassed reliance on social networks, healthcare partnerships, institutional support, peer networks, and advocacy. Collectively, these themes highlighted coping as a relational and communal process rather than an individual endeavor. Conclusion: The findings underscore that coping with chronic illness within families is fundamentally collective, rooted in shared appraisals, collaboration, and external resource integration. Recognizing these dynamics offers valuable insights for healthcare professionals and policy makers seeking to design family-centered interventions that enhance resilience and well-being.

The purpose of this research was to examine the mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between dimensions of job burnout with organizational commitment and job satisfaction among teachers. This research was descriptive and correlational in nature. The statistical population included all teachers in District 2 of Zahedan city in 2025, from which 223 individuals (144 women and 79 men) were selected through Stratified random sampling. To collect data, the Maslash (1985) burnout questionnaire, Smith et al.'s (1969) job satisfaction questionnaire, Allen and Meyer's(1991) organizational commitment questionnaire, and Connor and Davidson's(2003) resilience questionnaire were used. For data analysis, SPSS-26 software (for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient) and Smart PLS-4 (for path analysis ) were used. Results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between dimensions of job burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) with psychological resilience, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, while personal accomplishment has a positive and significant relationship with these variables. Path analysis indicated that psychological resilience plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between dimensions of job burnout (personal accomplishment, depersonalization, and emotional exhaustion) and job satisfaction, but does not have a significant mediating role in the relationship between these dimensions and organizational commitment. The research model was able to explain 68 percent of the variance in job satisfaction, 46 percent of the variance in organizational commitment, and 46 percent of the variance in psychological resilience.

Methods and Materials: A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest-follow-up framework was employed, involving two experimental groups (ACT and RT) and one control group. The sample consisted of 54 incompatible married individuals (18 per group) recruited from psychological centers in District 7 of Tehran. Participants completed the Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale at pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The ACT intervention comprised 8 weekly sessions focusing on mindfulness, acceptance, and value-based actions, while the RT intervention consisted of 8 sessions emphasizing need satisfaction and responsible behavior. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA to assess changes over time and between groups. Findings: Both ACT and RT significantly improved overall marital adjustment compared to the control group, with significant interaction effects observed for dyadic cohesion (F = 11.161, p = 0.001, η² = 0.247), dyadic consensus (F = 24.787, p = 0.001, η² = 0.422), and affectional expression (F = 22.477, p = 0.001, η² = 0.398). RT demonstrated greater effectiveness in enhancing dyadic cohesion and consensus, while ACT showed stronger outcomes in improving affectional expression. Post-hoc analyses revealed significant mean differences between pretest and posttest for dyadic cohesion in RT (mean difference = -8.167, p < 0.001) and affectional expression in ACT (mean difference = 2.694, p < 0.001). Follow-up assessments indicated sustained improvements, with RT maintaining higher scores in dyadic cohesion (mean = 15.139) and consensus (mean = 25.694), and ACT in affectional expression (mean = 4.78). Conclusion: Both ACT and RT are effective interventions for improving marital adjustment, with RT being more beneficial for addressing behavioral and communication aspects of marital conflict, and ACT more effective in fostering emotional intimacy.

Objective: The present study aimed to explore the process of meaning formation in adolescents. Methods: The research method was qualitative and utilized a grounded theory approach. The research population consisted of adolescents aged 12–20 years in Isfahan, Iran. Sampling was conducted theoretically. Nine participants were included in the study, and data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. The data analysis process followed Glaser's (1987) methodology. At the end of the coding stages, the final model of the study was presented. Findings: The results revealed that meaning formation in adolescents occurs through five stages: the occurrence of conflict (a triggering event), expression of conflict (problematic coping with a painful and damaging context, emotional confusion, and protesting against meaning), confrontation with conflict (addressing unclear feelings, focusing on core pain (self-awareness), and developing acceptance capacity), processing conflict (recalling the experience, exploring, expanding and deepening, gaining insight into unmet needs, and processing and accepting one's and others' experiences), and the emergence of resolution and achieving integration (softening and adopting a new perspective, manifesting agency (decision-making), generating experience, and integrating with prior experiences). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be inferred that meaning formation in adolescents occurs as a process. Therefore, it can be concluded that the journey toward finding meaning is not a fixed or instantaneous event but a continuous and evolving process shaped by various experiences and reflections. This process unfolds as a series of interrelated stages, reflecting a dynamic and transformative approach to navigating and understanding significant life changes. This structured delineation of stages provides valuable insights into how individuals actively engage with and create meaning when encountering transformative moments.