درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Unsustainable growth of cities and creation a set of contiguous impervious surfaces have result on disorder of natural cycle of water in urban environments. This situation causes flooding and problems due it, pollution of groundwater resources and degrade the quality of the urban landscape by increase the speed, volume and frequency period of runoffs. conventional methods about the stormwater management have failed to demonstrate their effectiveness in this field. Thus, in recent years a new topic are created in the field of urban design that known as "water sensitive urban design". Water Sensitive Urban Design (short: WSUD) is the interdisciplinary cooperation of water management, infrastructer engineering, urban design, and landscape designing. WSUD develops integrative strategies for ecological, economical, social, and cultural sustainability. The purpose of Water Sensitive Urban Design is to combine the demands of sustainable stormwater management with the demands of urban designing, and thus bringing the urban water cycle closer to a natural one. This approach attempts to increase urban sustainability indicators, improve the quality of urban landscape and urban space amenities by offer operational mechanisms in relation to urban design and it attempts not only to close the urban water cycle in its natural cycle and achieve technical goals, but gain optimal utilization of runoff and change the vision of the issue from a threat to a valuable opportunity.The following is a description of some essential methods for sustainable stormwater management. These methods are grouped according to their primary function: water reuse, treatment, detention and infiltration, conveyance, and evapotranspiration. Here is the techniques of water sensitive urban design about stormwater management and link them to urban design concepts, till through that some methods to be introduced that they are more efficient than conventional stormwater management methods about performance, helping to complete the natural cycle of water, environmental sustainability of cities and urban design aspects.

Disaster Management and current approaches in this field in one hand only has focused to physical vulnerabilities and in the other hand has included consequential action to reduce vulnerability and improve physical preparation as well as resistance institutional insignificant during the disaster. Therefore, these approaches usually have ignored the capabilities and capacities of residents to reduce vulnerabilities and consequently losses and damage. While recent approaches have entered, the field of disaster management emphasized that at first vulnerability is beyond the physical vulnerabilities and second vulnerabilities have an inverse relationship with the resident’s capacity in the face of disaster. So, community-based disaster risk management need to recognize indicators of vulnerability and community capacity and its relationship is essential. Accordingly, in the first step, the indicators of community capacity and community vulnerability are provided and in the second step based on these indicators, community capacity and vulnerability have been assessed. The assessment of community characters is based on GIS capabilities, spatial analysis tools and SPSS and correlation regression is used for analyzing the relationship of the variables. The results and findings of this research indicate that the vulnerability of urban areas is not only influenced by physical factors, but also social and organizational factors like community organizing and community educating have affected strongly the vulnerability.