درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: A competitive advantage based on the empowerment of professors can create a competitive advantage for the university. As a result, this study was conducted with the aim of explaining the background factors of competitive advantage based on the empowerment of university professors. Methodology: In an applied research from type of qualitative, the educational elites of universities and non-governmental-non-profit higher education institutions of Mashhad city were investigated. For this purpose and according to the principle of theoretical saturation, 21 people were selected as a sample with the purposive sampling method and were individually subjected to semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed with open, axial and selective coding methods in MAXQDA software. Findings: The findings indicated that for the background factors of competitive advantage based on the empowerment of university professors were identified 34 indicators, 9 sub categories and 4 main categories. The main categories were included the categories of organizational (with 2 sub categories of organizational dependence and governance view), cognitive (with 3 sub categories of organizational learning, knowledge management and educability), psychological (with 2 sub categories of limited control and passive thinking) and cultural (with 2 sub categories of organizational culture and organizational ethics). Also, according to the main and sub categories, the pattern of background factors of competitive advantage based on the empowerment of university professors was drawn. Conclusion: According to the pattern of background factors of competitive advantage based on the empowerment of university professors in the present study, to create a competitive advantage based on the empowerment of university professors, can be provided the context for the realization of background factors through the identified main and sub categories.

In this chapter I review principles and practical aspects of language assessment in foreign language (FL) learning, more specifically with a focus on Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) and other contexts in which computers are used as a means for distance learning and for language assessment (Computer-Aided Assessment - CAA). Assessment constitutes an essential dimension of learning experiences and it is an aspect of most formal processes of language teaching and learning. Language assessment may involve language testing, as well as other procedures and instruments such as observations, performance tasks, portfolios and self-evaluation, and by combining information from various sources of assessment one is able to obtain more valid and reliable results. I draw on the literature on CALL and on language assessment, and on data collected within the scope of the Teletandem Brazil Project: foreign languages for all (henceforth TBP), to support my position on principles that may or may not characterize language assessment in the context of teletandem interactions. CAA is defined as any type of activity in which computers are used to support a process of assessment apart from and beyond their simple function to store and transmit information. CAA helps faster assessment, increases the quality and quantity of information detected, and maximizes the provision of feedback about language assessment processes. In the TBP project, undergraduate students from a Brazilian university interacted with students from universities abroad, by means of computer programmes for synchronous communication, microphones and webcams. Besides the claims about CALL from the literature, I make reference to teletandem interactions in both EFL and Portuguese as a foreign language, considering occasions in which teletandem agents evaluate each other linguistic performances. I also analyse a questionnaire for evaluation in teletandem, which does not focus on language assessment but rather on the experience of interacting in the teletandem context and on the tools used for communication. No clear distinctions were found to exist between CAA and more traditional procedures for language assessment. Principles for CAA seem to combine traditional bases for language assessment and testing with a number of pedagogical principles that underpin distance learning.