درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This quantitative correlational study explored the effects of different types of dynamic assessment on the writing proficiency of Iraqi female EFL learners. Fifty-four upper-intermediate female students, aged 17-25, from the Global English Institute in Baghdad, Iraq, participated in the study. The participants were selected based on their performance in the Oxford Placement Test (OPT) and were subsequently divided into three groups: interactionist experimental, interventionist experimental, and control. The study employed several instruments, including a participation consent form, the OPT, a writing pre-test and post-test, and writing practices administered during the treatment phase. The intervention covered a full semester, with each group receiving tailored instructional strategies. The interactionist group focused on the Dynamic Mediation Process, while the interventionist group employed targeted interventions based on individual needs. The results, analyzed through pre- and post-tests, demonstrated the efficacy of dynamic assessment techniques in enhancing writing skills, suggesting their potential for broader application in EFL contexts.

Objective : This research aims to identify recurring carbon reduction policies and their key variables, and analyze their relationships within pharmaceutical distribution in Iran. Methods : A mixed-method of qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted. Firstly, a systematic literature review was employed to identify the policies and variables. Afterward, the Intuitive Fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method was used to analyze the causal relationships among identified variables in uncertain conditions. Following snowball sampling, data were gathered through expert questionnaires from 15 specialists in five groups, selected based on relevant expertise in carbon reduction policies, particularly for pharmaceutical distribution companies in Iran.  Results : The study identified three key carbon reduction policies—cap-and-trade, subsidy allocation, and financial penalties—all shaped by distinct variables. Cap-and-trade includes the emission cap, carbon selling price, and demand for carbon emission permits. Subsidy allocation and financial penalties cover the subsidy amount and the penalty rate, respectively. Notably, carbon emission level emerged as the most influential factor in shaping policy effectiveness, while carbon reduction cost was identified as the most impactful variable. These two variables are integral to all three policies, highlighting their pivotal role in policy formulation. While the demand for carbon emission permits remains neutral regarding influence and susceptibility, other variables demonstrate complex interdependencies, creating a dynamic system where policies interact directly through primary variables or indirectly through shared criteria. Conclusion : This study contributes to environmental policy research by offering an analytical framework that integrates uncertainty logic to assess relationships among key variables. The findings suggest that implementing a single policy may not be sufficient—a combination of strategies is recommended for more effective carbon reduction. Understanding how variables interact can help policymakers and businesses design targeted and efficient pharmaceutical distribution strategies in Iran.

This study compares the effectiveness of schema therapy and compassion-focused therapy on emotional self-awareness, hostile attribution, and critical thinking in adolescents with binge eating disorder. The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of these two therapies on improving the cognitive and emotional aspects of individuals. The research method was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population consists of adolescents with binge eating disorder in Azarshahr. The samples that were selected as available were randomly divided into two therapy groups (n=15). The first group received schema therapy, while the second group received compassion-focused therapy. To collect data, the Hostile Attribution Questionnaire (Arntz et al., 2003), the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (Grant et al., 2002), and the Critical Thinking Questionnaire (Ricketts, 2003) were used. The results indicated that both therapies had a significant effect on increasing emotional self-awareness and reducing hostile attribution and critical thinking. However, compassion-focused therapy demonstrated a greater impact on reducing hostile attribution and improving critical thinking. The findings suggested that both approaches can be effective interventions for treating binge eating disorder in adolescents, with compassion-focused therapy being more effective in some aspects.