فیلترهای جستجو:
فیلتری انتخاب نشده است.
نمایش ۷٬۱۸۱ تا ۷٬۲۰۰ مورد از کل ۱۰٬۵۱۵ مورد.
منبع:
پژوهش های زبانشناختی در زبانهای خارجی دوره ۱۱ پاییز ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۳
435 - 452
حوزههای تخصصی:
پژوهش های بسیاری در رابطه با آموزش زبان های خارجی انجام شده است که حکایت از اثربخشی آموزش های معکوس در بهبود نتایج عملکرد زبانی دانش آموزان دارد. بااین وجود، تعداد کمی از مطالعات به بررسی تأثیر آموزش معکوس بر درک مطلب در زبان دوم پرداخته اند. هدف این مطالعه بررسی تأثیر کلاس درس معکوس بر پیشرفت درک مطلب و خودکارآمدی زبان آموزان در مدارس ایرانی است. برای این منظور، نمونه ای متشکل از 48 زبان آموز ایرانی موردنظر قرارگرفته و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش (25 نفر ) و کنترل (23 نفر) موردبررسی قرارگرفته اند. پژوهش حاضر با روش شبه آزمایشی به انجام رسیده است؛ به این صورت که آزمودنی ها در گروه آزمایش آموزش های معکوس را دریافت نموده و در گروه کنترل با شیوه های معمول به مدت سه ماه مورد آموزش قرار گرفتند. در راستای جمع آوری داده های پژوهش از دو پرسشنامه ی استاندارد پرسشنامه ی مقدماتی انگلیسی کمبریج (CPET) و پرسشنامه ی خودکارآمدی خواندن (RSEQ) استفاده گردیده که روایی آن ها با استفاده ازنظر متخصصان مربوطه تائید گردید و پایایی دو آزمون نیز با استفاده از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ به ترتیب0.84 و... به دست آمده اند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد تفاوت معنی داری بین استفاده از دو روش نام برده در پژوهش وجود دارد به این معنی که فراگیران گروه آزمایش ازلحاظ پیشرفت خواندن زبان دوم و خودکارآمدی خواندن به طور معناداری بهتر از گروه کنترل عمل می کنند. به طورکلی ، می توان نتیجه گرفت که مدرسان زبان های خارجی می توانند شیوه آموزش معکوس را در کلاس های خواندن بگنجانند تا به زبان آموزان کمک کرده تا اعتمادبه نفس و خودکارآمدی بیش تری را برای انجام مؤثرتر فعالیت های مربوط به درک مطلب از خود نشان دهند.
The Problem of “Russian Artistic School” in the Works of Russian Thinkers
حوزههای تخصصی:
The article deals with some “generic” features of Russian literature. The works of Russian thinkers are permeated by the idea of Russian writers’ exclusive fate, which consists in these writers’ discovering their own selves. Their artistic quest was aimed at comprehending the spiritual substance of a human being within themselves. Russian artistic school also implies the period of growth, the development of Russian national culture, its historical and cultural character, and according to N.Ya. Danilevsky and A.S. Khomiakov, it was convinced that our writers should take in the European heritage, but they should not limit their works to it. One should embrace works of different schools and become a free artist. The central and the most intense questions to consider for each thinker are those of Russian artists’ worldview, their spiritual and creative act (their unique “artistry”), the subject matter, lyricism, the artistic word, and particular types of creative works. It is not a coincidence that in their articles they have dwelled on the European (Catholic and Protestant) lifestyles and that of the Old Testament. They concluded that the Russian artistic type is characterized by “completeness and integrity of mind”, maturity and manhood, unparalleled sincerity, simplicity and directness in treating the subject matter, and artistic ingenuousness.
The Prosody of Discourse Structure and Content in the Production of Persian EFL Learners(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
The present research addressed the prosodic realization of global and local text structure and content in the spoken discourse data produced by Persian EFL learners. Two newspaper articles were analyzed using Rhetorical Structure Theory. Based on these analyses, the global structure in terms of hierarchical level, the local structure in terms of the relative importance of text segments and the rhetorical relations between text segments were identified. The texts were read aloud by 18 high-proficient Persian learners of English. We measured pause durations preceding segments, F0-maxima (as a correlate of pitch range) and speech rates of the segments. Results suggested that speakers give prosodic indications about hierarchical level by means of variations in pause duration but not pitch range or speech rate. Furthermore, it was found that speakers articulate causally related segments with shorter in between pauses and at faster rate than non-causally related segments. However, they did not vary any of the prosodic measures to distinguish between important vs. unimportant segments. Overall, the results suggest that (1) variations in pause duration and speech rate are not used systematically by Persian EFL speakers as fully structured cuing devices to indicate organization of spoken discourse, importance of sentences and meaning relations between sentences; (2) pitch change structuring as a cue to discourse prosodic prominence is completely absent in Persian learners' text production. The results are not consistent with earlier findings of prosodic realization of text structure and content in English native speakers' discourse data, but are in line with those obtained for non-native spoken discourse.
ارزیابی کمی و کیفی وزن فرهنگی شش واژه مصوب فرهنگستان و متناظر بیگانه آنها در پرتو الگوی هیجامَد(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
On the Effects of Linguistic, Verbal, and Visual Mnemonics on Idioms Learning(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
Despite their substantial role in natural discourse, idioms often intimidate EFL students. Therefore, finding effective ways of mitigating students’ frustration has been a fundamental consideration in language teaching. Mnemonics, as associative memory tools, are largely acknowledged to be instrumental in reducing the cognitive load involved in language learning, particularly in learning lexical items. This study was conducted to explore the effects of linguistic, verbal, and visual mnemonics on empowering language learners in the recall and recognition of English idioms. Two-hundred seventy intermediate-level EFL learners preparing themselves for IELTS took part in this study. The participants were in nine groups of 30 members each. They were divided into three main groups, each of which was taught idioms using one of the above-mentioned mnemonics. The MANOVA procedure was used to analyze the collected data. The results revealed statistically significant differences among these instructional strategies in case of recall, with linguistic mnemonics being the most influential. The findings of the study can have theoretical implications for researchers in that they can shed light on some of the dark corners of the field and spark interest for further research. The findings can also have some pedagogical implications for teaching programs, curriculum developers, educational policymakers, teachers, and language learners. Developing a clearer understanding of how these mnemonics influence idiom learning can help the stakeholders make more informed decisions about how to treat idioms.
Development and Validation of a Scenario-Based Teacher Language Assessment Literacy Test(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
International Journal of Language Testing, Volume ۱۳, Issue ۱, Winter and Spring ۲۰۲۳
67 - 103
حوزههای تخصصی:
Language testing and assessment has grown in popularity and gained significance in the last few decades, and there is a rising need for assessment literate stakeholders in the field of language education. As teachers play a major role in assessing students, there is a need to make sure they have the right level of assessment knowledge and skills to accomplish their duties as assessors. The present study sought to develop and validate an assessment literacy test. To this end, a thirty-five scenario-based Language Assessment Literacy Test (LALT) was developed based on the seven standards covered by the Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students (1990). Construct validity of the test was investigated by collecting data from 168 Iranian EFL teachers. To investigate the validity of the measure, tests of reliability, item difficulty, and item discrimination were carried out. The test was then subjected to EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis whose results showed a seven-factor solution for the test items. The implications of the study for EFL teachers, language testers, teacher trainers, and curriculum developers are discussed.
Appraisal Resources in Book Reviews: A Study of Cross-Gender Variations(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
Writing a book review is an instance of evaluative academic writing where the writer is involved in an interaction with the author and the reader, evaluates the viewpoints stated in the book and voices his own position and stance in a dialogue with the reader. Working within the framework of Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory as an effective tool for studying the essential resources employed in this interaction and evaluation, the present study examined 60 book reviews from the Humanities academic journals written by native male and female writers, and tried to investigate the type and frequency of the three Appraisal categories (Attitude, Engagement, Graduation). The findings indicate that both writer groups made extensive use of these resources in their writings. However, the male book review writers exceeded the female writers in all the three categories. In addition, the Attitude resources were used the most and The Engagement resources were the least employed resources. The implications of the study for teaching writing skills and developing materials and tasks for writing courses at academic levels are mentioned in detail
بررسی انتقال گویش های اجتماعی از آلمانی به فارسی با استناد به ترجمه فرشته آبی، اثر هاینریش مان(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
ترجمه دارای نکات ظریفی است که بی توجهی به آن ها ممکن است باعث آسیب دیدن متن و مفهوم آن شود. یکی از این نکات اساسی گویش های اجتماعی است که شایسته است مانند گویش های جغرافیایی در ترجمه دیده شود. گویش های اجتماعی که گاه پیکره اصلی داستان را می سازد، معرف شخصیت ها و حاوی اطلاعاتی در ارتباط با گویشوران است. جستار حاضر به تبیین اهمیت و کارکرد این نوع گویش ها در متون ادبی می پردازد و انتقال آن ها را در ترجمه بررسی می کند، با استناد به ترجمه فرشته آبی ، رمانی اجتماعی از هاینریش مان، به دست محمود حدادی از زبان آلمانی به فارسی که در سال 1373 نشر آویشن منتشر کرده است. این جستار علاوه بر تجزیه و تحلیل راهبردهای مترجم برای انتقال گویش های اجتماعی سه شخصیت داستانی این اثر، به دنبال بررسی این نکته است که باید به چه عواملی در ترجمه این نوع گویش ها توجه کرد.
Two Sides of the Same Coin? Exploring Persuasive Discursive Practices in Academic and Popularized Texts in Psychology(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Applied Research on English Language, V. ۱۱ , N. ۱ , ۲۰۲۲
111 - 134
حوزههای تخصصی:
Circulation of scientific discoveries occurs in various discourse communities. Adopting an audience-oriented view of writing (Hyland, 2010) and drawing on the appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005), the current study aimed to explore the evaluative strategies psychologists would use to share their specialist knowledge with scholarly and non-scholarly readers. To this end, a corpus of 38 academic research articles and 38 popularized science articles from the archive of an English international refereed journal, Current Psychology , and two English popularized magazines, Newsweek and New Scientist , were analyzed in terms of attitude resources of appraisal, namely appreciation, affect, and judgment . The results of the study revealed that palpable degrees of persuasion were achieved through including certain attitude elements in both corpora despite no statistically significant difference. The results debunked the myth of objectivity in academic discourse and disclosed the psychology experts’ appealing to persuasive tools for convincing the specialist and non-specialists of the truth value of their research outcomes. The findings carry pedagogical implications for English for the students of psychology courses. Indeed, future psychologists need to get familiar with the common discursive strategies to address their intended audience in academic and non-academic settings.
English Teachers Professional Development Needs for Web Development Skills: Meeting the Challenges of Teaching English Language in the Information Age
حوزههای تخصصی:
Utilizing the resources of the web in educational practices has made instructional processes more efficient and interesting and has made the learning process on the other hand much easier and attractive. With the web, English language teachers now have the option of engaging learners in online (web-based) instructions in addition to the use of conventional classroom instructions or alternatively the use of a blended approach. Effective use of the web for instructional purposes requires basic knowledge of web design and development using HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), CSS (Castigating Style Sheet), JS (JavaScript), Content Management Systems (CMS), and Adobe Software package for web design. Thus, teachers’ professional development needs to be redirected toward providing this knowledge and skills. Providing teachers with these technological skills would help them in acquiring the competence needed in designing and developing instructional websites that suites their peculiar pedagogical and content needs for effective teaching and learning using the web. This article examines the contemporary knowledge and skills needed by teachers in general and English language teachers in particular to effectively use the web for instructional purposes and how such needed knowledge and skills can be developed through teacher professional development programs and pre-service teacher training for good practice.
Review of Linguistic Inequality and Injustice in Academic Writing(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۴۱, Issue ۴, fall ۲۰۲۲
173 - 188
حوزههای تخصصی:
This review article examines the underpinning of the little-researched, influential elements that create linguistic injustice in the specific contexts of linguistic imperialism through standardization. To this end, with a review of critical views that includes argumentation and discussion of theoretical and empirical studies, we further aim to highlight linguistic injustice in writing for publishing. The domination of the English language as a lingua academia has not happened neutrally and can create unjust and unequal situations. In knowledge construction, the prosperity of researchers and academics is tied to international publication, and this action supports globalization, individualism, and standardization in favor of native English users. The domination of the English language in academic settings may be a hegemonic practice of native Anglophones to maintain power. In this review, we underline the possibilities for privileged communities to pinpoint linguistic inequality and injustice. The nature of academia should be liberal and liberating; however, in reality, academic settings are politically partisan and at the service of the powerful and wealthy. Still, there is slim hope that the system can change, and one of such profound changes may happen with equal access to resources and mentors for marginalized communities. In this case, the minorities’ voices may also be heard and respected globally.
Pragmatic Criteria in the Holistic and Analytic Rating of the Disagreement Speech Act of Iranian EFL Learners by Non-native English Speaking Teachers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
Conveying a strong message within a language stems from not only a linguistically appropriate utterance but also a pragmatically appropriate discourse. Broadly considering various facets of pragmatics, pragmatic assessment has not been potentially brought into perspective. To address this discourse gap, this study, guided by the principles of mixed-method design, pursued three purposes: to inspect the matches and mismatches, to explore rating variations, and to assess the rater consistency between the holistic and analytic rating methods of disagreement speech acts in L2 by non-native English teachers. As a result, 12 different pragmatic situations for disagreement DCTs accompanied by EFL learners' responses to each situation were rated by 50 non-native English teachers. Initially, they were asked to rate it holistically, incorporating both ratings and providing comments. The content analysis of raters' comments indicated sixteen disagreement criteria. The descriptive statistics also revealed variations across different situations. Moreover, the teachers were asked to rate it analytically based on the assessment rubrics adopted from Ishihara and Cohen (2010). The findings of intra-class correlations implied that respondents were more consistent in analytic rating. Moreover, the results indicated that there was a convergence between the two rating methods suggesting that the raters adopted the same level of leniency and severity in rating. Overall, the results accentuated the significance of pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic aspects of language for EFL raters. Finally, the results of the present study place a premium on the importance of pragmatic assessment training as well as cultural awareness.
استعاره های خشم در زبان نابینایان مطلق مادرزاد در مقایسه با همتایان بینا بر مبنای انگاره فورسیول (2005)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
نظریه استعاره مفهومی اولین بار توسط لیکاف و جانسون,1980) Lakoff &Johnson)، در کتابی با نام استعاره هایی که ما با آنها زندگی می کنیم ( Metaphors We Live B y ) مطرح شد. بر اساس این نظریه، استعاره مفهومی، امری تصوری و ذهنی است که در زبان به صورت استعاری تجلی می یابد. بیشتر مطالعه ها در مورد استعاره های مفهومی منحصر به گفتار و نوشتار است، در صورتی که بررسی استعاره های مفهومی مخصوصاً استعاره های عواطف در تصاویر می تواند به گسترش الگوی استعاره های مفهومی کمک کند. فورسیول (Forceville 1996, 1999, 2002,2005 ( برای اولین بار به مطالعه وجود نگاشت های استعاره خشم در تصاویر و فیلم ها پرداخت. مقاله حاضر استعاره های خشم در گفتار و نوشتار 10 نابینای مطلق مادرزاد و 10 همتای بینا را بر اساس انگاره فورسیول (2005) بررسی می کند. شباهت ها و تفاوت هایی در درک دو گروه از خشم و استعاره های خشم طبق این الگو مشهود است. می توان تأثیر زبان را در شکل گیری تصاویر ذهنی یک نابینای مطلق مادرزاد که هیچ تصور دیداری از محیط پیرامون ندارد را مشاهده کرد.
Cultural Differences Encountered by a Novice Chinese Immersion Teacher in an American Kindergarten Immersion Classroom(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)
منبع:
International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۷, Issue ۲۵, Spring ۲۰۱۹
39-50
حوزههای تخصصی:
The research objective of this study was to explore the cultural differences and challenges encountered by the Chinese Immersion Teacher (CIT) and how the CIT deal with the cultural differences in the immersion classroom. A qualitative case study approach was chosen for this research. The participant was a novice kindergarten immersion teacher who was born and educated in a Chinese-speaking country. There were 13 children with diverse ethnic backgrounds in the teacher’s classroom. Interviews and observations were the primary sources of data. The data collection and analysis stages were undertaken concurrently. The researcher used thematic analysis to analyze the data. The findings of this study show that a novice CIT typically faces several challenges owing to the differences between Chinese culture and American culture, including the differences in the expectations regarding learning, teacher status, teacher authority, teaching methods, and learning styles. Moreover, the study found that the CIT struggled with these differences and did not know how to do her job without considerable support and training. The research led to suggestions to improve cultural awareness, management of cultural differences, and CIT training.
Male and Female EFL Learners’ Perception of Free Riding Tendency(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)
منبع:
Iinternational Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۹, Issue ۳۶, Summer ۲۰۲۱
63 - 75
حوزههای تخصصی:
Free riding behavior or not contributing equally in group work, is a common obstacle in many cooperative activities in language learning. The present study aimed at comparing male and female EFL learners' attitude and their free riding tendency to use the benefits of lowering free riding behaviors in order to make group work more influential in language learning. To this purpose, 140 intermediate and upper intermediate Iranian EFL learners and 30 teachers participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used to investigate the topic. The obtained results revealed that the female learners act better in reducing free riding behaviors. The results further revealed a positive perception of interpersonal activities at both level of language proficiency-- intermediate and upper-intermediate. Actually, the obtained results showed that the intermediate group (males and females) acted more positively than the other group in this respect. The findings of the study bear some implications and suggestions for scholar interested in the topic of this.
نقدی بر «برگزیدگان شعر ایتالیا در سده نوزدهم» به قلم امان الله مهاجر ایروانی
حوزههای تخصصی:
شش چهره از شخصیت های مهم و بنام ادبی سده نوزدهم ایتالیا در این اثر به ترجمه روان و زیبایی به زبان فارسی درآمده اند. آثار انتخابی از هرکدام از این شعرا علاوه بر معرفی اجمالی بوطیقای شعری و مهم ترین بن مایه ها و دغدغه های هنری ایشان، به خوبی از جایگاه و نقش آنها در شرایط سیاسی و فرهنگی حاکم در ایتالیای سده نوزدهم و سال های آغازین قرن بیستم پرده بر می دارد. لذا کتاب معرفی شده در این نقد می تواند با توجه به امکان تطبیق متون در دو زبان فارسی و ایتالیایی هم به عنوان کتاب کمکی برای درس ترجمه ادبی معرفی گردد و هم با عنایت به شرح حال جامعی که بر فعالیت های ادبی و آثار هر نویسنده ای ارائه گشته است، در درس تاریخ ادبیات قرن نوزدهم مورد استفاده قرارگیرد.
مقایسه و تطبیق ساختارهای گرامری در ترجمه های روسی قرآن بر مبنای آیه هایی از سوره های قرآن کریم(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
همگان بایداز محتوای قرآن آگاه گردند و راه دستیابی به چنین هدفی ترجمه هر چه دقیق تر این کتاب آسمانی می باشد؛برای رسیدن به این هدف روش مقایسه و تطبیق ساختارهای دستوری قرآن در ترجمه های روسی موجوداتخاذ شده است. محقق می کوشد تا به کمک یافته های خود از میان ترجمه ها، ترجمه دقیق تر را انتخاب کند. نتیجه ای که حاصل می شود می تواند مبنایی برای توسعه تحقیقات آتی در حوزه ترجمه ی ساختارهای دستوری قرآن کریم باشد. ( همگان بایداز محتوای قرآن آگاه گردند راه دستیابی به چنین هدفی ترجمه هر چه دقیق تر این کتاب آسمانی می باشد؛برای رسیدن به این هدف روش مقایسه و تطبیق ساختارهای دستوری قرآن در ترجمه های روسی موجوداتخاذ شده است. محقق می کوشد تا به کمک یافته های خود از میان ترجمه ها، ترجمه دقیق تر را انتخاب کند. نتیجه ای که حاصل می شود می تواند مبنایی برای توسعه تحقیقات آتی در حوزه ترجمه ی ساختارهای دستوری قرآن کریم باشد.)
The effect of bottom-up and top-down auditory program training on the development of children's auditory processing skills(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)
منبع:
international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۶, Issue ۲۴, Winter ۲۰۱۸
95 - 112
حوزههای تخصصی:
Although there have been several previous investigations on the role of auditory training for the development of auditory processing skills, it still remains unknown whether children with auditory processing difficulties can get improved auditory skills after exposure to a multi-modal training experience comprising both visual and tactile stimuli. The present study, therefore, attempted to use electronic game applications to foster the auditory processing skills of children who suffer from deficits in their listening abilities. For this purpose, the Listening Inventory for Education (LIFE) questionnaire was administered to the potential number of learners and those learners scoring below the mean were selected as the participants. Children were then assigned to one of two experimental groups: bottom-up (n = 15) and top-down (n = 15). Each group was required to complete a training program on an iPad, using the Auditory Workout app for top-down training and Auditory Processing Studio app for bottom-up auditory training. Their progress was recorded through their responses to the LIFE questionnaire. Results were then analyzed quantitatively through the use of an independent samples t test. Findings revealed the significant effectiveness of both bottom-up and top-down approaches in bring about enhanced auditory skills; results are further discussed with respect to the existing literature.
Investigating Practical Knowledge-Base (PKB) of Special-Education Teachers: The Case of Teaching Individuals with Down Syndrome (IDS) in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Context of Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
Investigating teachers’ cognitions, both in general education and in language teaching, has gained momentum in the past few decades. Yet, the practical knowledge-base (PKB) of practitioners who teach languages to students with special needs has not been amply explored. The present study aimed to investigate the personal PKB of EFL teachers of individuals with Down syndrome (IDS). To this end, several classes of three Iranian EFL special education teachers were observed and video-recorded, and the teachers were interviewed using the stimulated-recall method. Analysing the data resulted in the emergence and conceptualization of a framework characterizing the PKB of Iranian EFL special-education teachers in terms of eight major knowledge types: knowledge of learners’ characteristics, learner-based pedagogical knowledge, knowledge of classroom management, visual-impact knowledge, knowledge of self, curriculum knowledge, language subject knowledge, and contextual knowledge. These knowledge types and particularly their subcomponents are argued to be heavily reminiscent of the teachers’ learner-centered (vs. content-oriented) attention to their students’ special needs, characteristics, motivations, limitations, potentials, and deprivations. Dealing with an under-researched domain, the study is hoped to sensitize ELT special-education teachers, teacher trainers, and policy-makers to the possibilities and requirements of quality teaching to IDS.
تحلیل روان شناختی بحران هویت قهرمان زن در فرهنگ مردسالار از خلال مطالعه رمان ترس و لرز اثر نوتومب(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
منبع:
مطالعات زبان و ترجمه سال پنجاه و سوم پاییز ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۳
153-177
حوزههای تخصصی:
تصویر زنان در ادبیات متأثر از نگاه فرهنگ جامعه به جایگاه زنان می باشد. محیط زندگی نه تنها تأثیر بسزایی در شکل گیری هویت زن دارد بلکه زمینه ساز رشد یا مانع پیشرفت او در جامعه است. مهاجرت نیز به سبب تغییر محیط و الگوهای زندگی می تواند زمینه ساز تغییر هویت باشد. رمان ترس و لرز، مهاجرت دختری بلژیکی به ژاپن را به تصویر می کشد. تفاوت ارزش های غرب و شرق، قهرمان داستان را دچار تضاد هویتی می کند. املی نوتومب، نویسنده بلژیکی، آگاهانه به نمود این بحران هویت در نزد قهرمان زن داستان توجه نشان داده است. در پژوهش حاضر، کشمکش های درونی املی، قهرمان داستان و کارکردهای ذهن او از دید روان شناختی با رویکردی تحلیلی و با تکیه بر نظریات کارن هورنای بررسی خواهد شد. هورنای تضادهای درونی افراد را ملاک قرار می دهد و مکانیسم دفاعی انسان ها را در برابر جامعه به سه خصوصیت مهرطلبی، برتری طلبی و عزلت گزینی دسته بندی می کند. درک بحران هویت املی در جامعه مردسالار، از گذر تحلیلی روان شناختی امکان پذیراست. این پژوهش تلاش دارد با بررسی تأثیر رفتارهای اجتماعی دیگران و محیط بر شخصیت زن داستان، مکانیسم های دفاعی او را در گریز از شرایط نامطلوب اجتماعی، زاده جامعه مردسالار بررسی نماید.