سید ضیاءالدین تاج الدین

سید ضیاءالدین تاج الدین

مطالب
ترتیب بر اساس: جدیدترینپربازدید‌ترین

فیلتر های جستجو: فیلتری انتخاب نشده است.
نمایش ۱ تا ۲۰ مورد از کل ۴۴ مورد.
۱.

Non-Native EFL Teacher Educators’ Recruitment and Professional Development: Policies and Strategies of Language Institutes' Managers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching English as a Second Language, Volume ۴۲, Issue ۳, Summer ۲۰۲۳ 59 - 78

کلیدواژه‌ها: Language institute managers Non-native English teacher educators professional development strategies Teacher educator recruitment

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۵۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۵
Recruiting efficient EFL teacher educators (TEs) is crucial for language institutes as it can directly affect the quality of language instruction and, consequently the success of language institutes. Nevertheless, language institute policies for employing TEs and strategies for their professional development have not been well-documented. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted in this qualitative study to investigate 30 language institute managers’ recruitment policies and professional development strategies for employing non-native English TEs in the Iranian EFL context. The participants’ answers to interview questions were transcribed and analyzed based on the three levels of the open, axial, and selective coding process. The results revealed that job experience, academic/educational competencies, and digital literacy are the most important features implicating the recruitment of TEs. As for professional development strategies for TEs, the main ones included holding regular meetings for TEs, asking TEs to take part in professionally relevant seminars, workshops, and webinars, and encouraging them to make peer observations of teacher education courses. These findings have implications for language TEs' recruitment and their professional development.
۲.

English Language Teachers’ Autonomy for Professional Development: A Narrative Account of Self-direction, Capacity, and Freedom(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۴۱, Issue ۱, Winter ۲۰۲۲ 175 - 212

کلیدواژه‌ها: English language teachers teacher autonomy professional development self-directed professional development Narrative

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۶۱ تعداد دانلود : ۱۸۸
Despite many studies on the concept of learner autonomy and the relationship between teacher autonomy (TA) and learner autonomy, scant attention has been devoted to TA on its own. To bridge this gap, the present study used narrative accounts to discover language teachers’ autonomy in terms of self-directed professional development (PD), capacity for self-directed PD, and freedom from control over PD. To this end, eight English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers narrated their past stories regarding these three dimensions. The thematic analysis of their narratives showed that their main activities for self-directed PD included peer observation, peer coaching, making use of technology, continuing education, action research, interacting with professionals, and attending workshops. Regarding capacity for their self-directed PD, the teachers claimed they had the capacity and willingness to self-direct their teacher learning. External support, experience, motivational factors, and reading books and articles were instrumental in teachers’ capacity development. Moreover, the findings revealed that although teachers viewed financial problems, conference attendance, lack of time to do PD activities, and rules of the institutes as obstacles to their freedom over PD, they employed strategies to change them into opportunities. The findings suggest implications for teachers and teacher educators to acquaint themselves with different PD strategies and to raise teachers’ awareness about the value of PD, respectively. The findings might bear implications for institute managers as well.
۳.

Uncovering Domains of Novice Language Teachers’ Professional Decision Making and Pedagogical Reasoning(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Issues in Language Teaching (ILT), Vol. ۱۱, No. ۱, June ۲۰۲۲ 281 - 312

کلیدواژه‌ها: Teacher professional practice novice teachers pedagogical reasoning Decision-making

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۵۳ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۵
Decision-making and pedagogical reasoning constitute the foundation of teacher professional practice. This qualitative study was conducted to explore novice Iranian EFL teachers’ professional decision-making and pedagogical reasoning in the three domains of (1) planning and preparation, (2) classroom management, and (3) professional responsibilities during the three phases of pre-active, interactive, and post-active teaching. Data from two sources including scenarios and audio journals revealed five novice teachers’ decisions in each domain and their relevant reasoning. Decisions in the first domain were discovered to embody teachers’ choices about materials, teaching methods, and assessment. In the second domain, teachers’ decisions were focused on management, flexibility, and accountability. In the third domain, their decisions were aimed at professional interaction and professional development. Moreover, a new decision domain, ‘dispositions’, was discovered, which comprised novice teachers’ choice of ethical conduct, care, and accountability. This led to the introduction of a new phase of teaching, beyond-active, which greatly influenced all other decision domains and teaching phases. Additionally, novice teachers’ pedagogical reasoning was uncovered to stem from their knowledge, skills, and personality attributes. These findings suggest that knowledge about teachers’ decisions and underlying reasoning provides insights into the scope of their professional knowledge and practice.
۴.

Teachers' Conceptions of Language Assessment: Theoretical Knowledge and Attitudinal Dimensions of Language Assessment Literacy Model

نویسنده:
منبع: International Journal of Language Testing, Volume ۱۲, Issue ۱, Winter and Spring ۲۰۲۲ 82 - 102

کلیدواژه‌ها: Teacher Professionalism Teacher knowledge Language assessment literacy Attitudinal and Beliefs Dimensions

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۷۳ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۹
The contemporary era of learning-oriented assessment demands for teacher professional efforts to appropriately and accurately assess learners' attainment and use the assessment results for the enhancement of learning. In second/foreign language (L2) teaching discipline, this has recently brought language assessment literacy (LAL) to the forefront, with an increasing emphasis on teachers' professionalism of this concept. Given this, L2 teachers' mastery of practical and technical skills, as prescribed by the exiting LAL models, could not be entirely complete nor enhanced without their conceptions of assessment and beliefs system. To illuminate these dimensions, the present study aimed to develop and validate a LAL scale which could have relevance to L2 localized contexts. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses of data from a sample of L2 teachers (N=213) provided empirical evidence supporting the utility and validity of the scale. The paper concludes with the importance of teachers' conceptions of LAL and implications of the findings.
۵.

تأثیرات دوره ضمن خدمت بر تصمیم گیری های آموزشی معلمان زبان انگلیسی(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های زبانشناختی در زبانهای خارجی دوره ۱۲ زمستان ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۴ 416 - 440

کلیدواژه‌ها: تصمیم گیری آموزش معلمان زبان کاردز معلمان تازه کار زبان انگلیسی فهرست های بررسی مهارت های معلمان

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۳۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۱
. اگرچه تعداد مطالعات انجام شده در این زمینه بسیار است، اما مطالعات اندکی در مورد تأثیرات دوره های آموزش ضمن بر (باز)سازی تصمیمات معلمان وجود دارد. برای پاسخ به این خلاء پژوهشی، طی یک مطالعه موردی کیفی چندگانه، تصمیم گیری های آموزشی چهار معلم تازه کار زبان انگلیسی از طریق مشاهدات کلاسی پیش و پس از دوره آموزش معلمان بررسی و برای تحلیل داده ها از تحلیل محتوا بر اساس فهرست های پنج مهارت معلم استرانگ (2007) و تحلیل گفتمان لحظه به لحظه میکروژنتیک استفاده شد. یافته ها حاکی از پنج تغییر شامل تغییر از «استفاده بیش از حد زبان اول به استفاده متناسب از هر دو زبان برای آموزش»، «استفاده از یک روش تدریس به استفاده از رویکردها و راهبردهای مختلف»، «استفاده از روش های سنتی به استفاده از فناوری در تدریس»، «استفاده از فعالیت های جمعی یا انفرادی به استفاده از گروه بندی مختلف در انجام فعالیت ها» و «استفاد از رویکرد سخت گیرانه در تدریس به آموزش با استفاده از بازی ها» در تصمیم گیری معلمان می باشد. با توجه به یافته ها می توان نتیجه گرفت که تمرکز معلمان در نتیجه شرکت در این دوره تغییر کرده است. آنان اطلاعات ارزشمندی را از سطح ضمنی به سطح آگاهانه آورده، در مورد آنها مذاکره کرده و تا حدی آنها را تغییر دادند. آنها بیشتر از توانایی های خود آگاه شدند و زمینه، سطوح، نیازها و خواسته های دانش آموزان را در نظر گرفتند. نتایج مذکور همسو با بسیاری از یافته های مطالعات صورت گرفته قبلی است. پیامدهای اصلی این مطالعه برای مدیران مؤسسات، کارشناسان تربیت معلم و معلمان زبان انگلیسی در خصوص تصمیم گیری ها و نیز نقش مهم تأمّل در تصمیمات است.
۶.

Novice EFL Teachers' Decision-making and Pedagogical Reasoning in Implementing Instruction(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: English Language Teaching and Learning. No. ۲۸, Fall & Winter ۲۰۲۱ 61 - 77

کلیدواژه‌ها: Novice EFL teachers Decision-making pedagogical reasoning English language instruction

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۶۱ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۱
Teachers' decision-making and pedagogical reasoning and their improvement are key to the effectiveness of teaching. Although a number of studies have been conducted on these issues, there is still not enough information about teachers' interactive decision-making and pedagogical reasoning, and teachers also do not have the necessary skills in this area. To address this gap, the current multiple case study investigated four novice EFL teachers' decision-making and their underlying pedagogical reasoning in implementing instruction. The result of the constant comparative and categorical content analysis on the ten-session classroom observations and the transcribed stimulated recall interviews indicated common themes, including teachers' overusing of learners' L1, excessively using the deductive approach to teaching, failing to incorporate technology but using available resources in class during instruction, using whole-class or individual instructional techniques, and rarely emphasizing on learners' knowledge of the world. The targeted teachers made such decisions to perform their predetermined responsibilities, transfer the correct information, motivate learners, manage time, and help learners toward their language achievement. This study has implications for teachers to reflect on their instructional decisions and pedagogical reasoning, and for managers to provide them with opportunities for reflection.
۷.

Religious Teachers' Perceptions of Their Religious Identity: A Case of Iranian English Language Teachers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۱۰ , N. ۲ , ۲۰۲۱ 61 - 88

کلیدواژه‌ها: Identity religious EFL teacher religious identity self-aspect model of identity

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۰۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۲
Teacher identity has turned out to be of great importance in teacher pedagogical practice. A number of factors are implicated in shaping and reshaping teachers' identity. Despite numerous studies on teacher identity, language teacher religious identity has remained under-researched. Therefore, the current study examined how Iranian religious English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers are identified. To do so, 30 religious teachers were selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected through employing semi-structured interviews, developed based on Simon’s (2004) six components of identity, namely personal features, physical characters, special abilities, behavioral qualities, ideological attributes, and group membership. The results demonstrated that religious teachers tend to manifest certain Islamic-based personal attributes like fairness and kindness and also adhere to some Islamic rules of physical features like head covering for females and dignified clothes for males. In addition, religious teachers' behaviors and performances were profoundly affected by their religious background, realized in their attempts to control their anger, to avoid insulting and backbiting, and to disregard or replacing the materials which seem to be against the Islamic thought. The findings can have practical implications for teachers, institute administrators, and other stakeholders whose cognizance of religious teachers' identity could help prevent possible identity tensions.
۸.

Teacher Autonomy for Professional Development: A Longitudinal Case Study of Novice EFL Teachers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies,Vol ۱۳, No. ۲, ۲۰۲۱ 159 - 180

کلیدواژه‌ها: teacher autonomy professional development self-directed professional development diary

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۵۲ تعداد دانلود : ۱۶۶
Despite many studies on teacher autonomy (TA) and its connection with learner autonomy (LA), scant attention has been devoted to TA on its own and how it might contribute to teachers themselves. Against this backdrop, the current study set out to investigate novice English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ autonomy development in terms of their self-directed professional development (PD) and capacity for their self-directed PD, the two subcomponents of the multidimensional framework of TA. To this end, two novice EFL teachers’ audio diaries on the aforementioned subcomponents were collected for 10 months. Moreover, to complement the probable gaps in the diary phase, the teachers were interviewed in five terms. The thematic analysis of  the  collected diaries  and  diary-based  semi-structured interviews revealed that novice EFL teachers’ main activities for self-directed PD embraced peer observation, peer coaching, reading books, making use of technology, reflection, action research, and attending workshops. Additionally, the findings indicated that novice EFL teachers were equipped with both capacity and willingness to self-direct their PD. The constructive factors enabling  them  to  develop  such  capacity  included  experience,  reading  books,  and  external support. The findings bear implications for teacher educators to underline the value of PD strategies for teachers. Teachers should also be aware of the PD strategies they could employ for their self-direction. The findings suggest some implication for institute managers too.
۹.

نگرش فراگیران زبان انگلیسی به عوامل موثر بر کاهش انگیزش و راهبردهای کاهش آن(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: پژوهش های زبانشناختی در زبانهای خارجی دوره ۱۰ بهار ۱۳۹۹ شماره ۱ 82 - 99

کلیدواژه‌ها: عدم انگیزش عوامل عدم انگیزش راهبردهای کاهش عدم انگیزش فراگیران زبان انگلیسی نگرش

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۰۵ تعداد دانلود : ۲۹۷
گرچه پژوهشگران به عوامل عدم انگیزش زبان آموزان پرداخته اند، تا کنون تحقیقات اندکی در مورد راهبردهایی زبان آموزان برای کاهش عدم انگیزش انجام شده است. بدین منظور، پژوهش حاضر برای بررسی عوامل مرتبط با عدم انگیزش و راهبردهای زبان آموزان برای مقابله با آن انجام شد. شرکت کنندگان در این مطالعه 30 زبان آموز ایرانی در سطوح مختلف بسندگی زبانی بودند که بر اساس روش نمونه گیری قابل دسترس از بین زبان آموزان آموزشگاه های مختلف زبان انتخاب شدند. این پژوهش از طریق روش تحقیق کیفی با استفاده از مصاحبه استفاده شد. داده ها با مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته درمورد نگرش زبان آموزان به عوامل موثر بر کاهش انگیزش و راهبردهای مورد استفاده برای مقابله با آن جمع آوری شد. نتایج تحلیل محتوایی حاکی از آن است که زبان آموزان از پنج عامل کاهش انگیزش از جمله روش آموزش، شخصیت معلم، خصوصیات همکلاسی ها، اضطراب، و شرایط فیزیکی کلاس نام بردند. زبان آموزان همچنین درس خواندن در زمان خاص از روز، مطالعه با همکلاسی هایی که دانش انگلیسی بهتری دارند، معلم مهربان، شوخی و طنز به زبان انگلیسی توسط معلم و انجام فعالیت های جالب و بازی در کلاس را به عنوان راهبردهای مقابله با عوامل موثر بر کاهش انگیزش نام بردند. بر اساس یافته ها، پیشنهاد می شود که معلمان برای کمک به زبان آموزان از راهبرد های مقابله با عوامل موثر بر کاهش انگیزش استفاده کنند.
۱۰.

Foreign Language Education Policy (FLEP) in Iran: Unpacking State Mandates in Major National Policy Documents(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۳۹, Issue ۳.۱, fall ۲۰۲۰ 185 - 215

کلیدواژه‌ها: English language teaching Foreign Language Education Policy (FLEP) national policy documents document analysis Globalization

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۹۶۶ تعداد دانلود : ۲۴۰
The worldwide spread of English as the dominant language of globalization has accelerated the development and implementation of Foreign Language Education Policy (FLEP) in many countries. However, Iranian macro policymakers seem to be reluctant to develop an overt FLEP due to ideologized agendas. This study employs document analysis to explore FLEP in eight major national policy documents in Iran including, inter alia, National Vision 2025, Comprehensive Scientific Roadmap, and National Document of Education. This analysis was based on Kaplan and Baldauf’s (1997, 2003) framework for language-in-education planning, which covers Access, Curriculum, Methods and Materials, Evaluation, Personnel, and Resourcing policy as its major components. The data, coded through MAXQDA Software, revealed that the documents relatively deal with almost all components of FLEP excluding the Resourcing policy. Curriculum policy and Methods and materials policy receive the highest attention. Further, some contradictions, conflicts of interest, and gaps are observed in the documents regarding FLEP. Although these documents deemed English necessary for the development of the country, there are worries that it may lead to Westernization. The findings also show that FLEP in Iran is top-down and hardly reflects the needs and attitudes of the community. This has resulted in the failure of ELT in public schools and, in turn, its boom in the private sectors.
۱۱.

Beliefs about Non-Native Teachers in English as an International Language: A Positioning Analysis of Iranian Language Teachers’ Voices(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۸ , N. ۲ , ۲۰۱۹ 267 - 286

کلیدواژه‌ها: English as an International Language (EIL) Positioning native teachers Non-native teachers

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۵۱ تعداد دانلود : ۲۰۵
The unprecedented growth of English and arrival of English as an International Language (EIL) has generated a new fledged argument about English language teachers’ role and status around the world. To date, much of the debate on the native/non-native distinction in EIL settings and factors contributing to sharpen distinctions has remained unsettled. This gap motivated this study on the English teachers’ grasp of their role and their stance in the EIL setting of Iran. For this purpose, this study adopted both quantitative and qualitative approaches to explore the nature of the English teachers’ attitudes through an EIL scale and teachers’ narrative accounts through Telegram groups. The three-level positioning analysis (Bamberg, 1997) of English teachers’ narrative accounts contradicted their perceptive evaluations of their status, as non-native English teachers. The results proved that, despite highlights of blurred distinctions, English teachers in Iran still believe that English belongs to the native speakers and position native speaker teachers as better models for pedagogical practices. The results have implications for teachers’ beliefs and the role of teacher education programs
۱۲.

L2 Learners' Acquisition of English Nominal Clauses: Effects of Textual Enhancement, Metalinguistic Explanation, and Self-Regulation(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: English Language Teaching and Learning. No. ۲۲, Fall & Winter ۲۰۱۸ 113 - 139

کلیدواژه‌ها: textual enhancement metalinguistic explanation self-regulation Receptive knowledge Productive knowledge nominal clauses

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تعداد بازدید : ۴۰۷ تعداد دانلود : ۳۲۱
This study aimed to investigate the impact of textual enhancement and metalinguistic explanation as focus-on-form tasks tending to encourage the acquisition of nominal clauses (NCs) in English. It explored (a) whether textual enhancement and metalinguistic explanation would promote and enhance the knowledge of NCs, (b) whether these two tasks would differ in terms of enhancing learners' knowledge of nominal clauses, and (c) whether learners' use of self-regulatory capacity for grammar acquisition would have differential effects on textual enhancement and explicit explanation groups. A test of recognizing noun clauses and a test of producing combined sentences were used as both the pretest and the posttest to measure the achievement of first-year undergraduate university students in four intact classes. A grammar self-regulation questionnaire was also administered to measure the use of self-regulatory capacity. The findings demonstrated that both textual enhancement and explicit instruction contributed to developing grammatical knowledge of the learners at both recognition and production level. The results also showed that the learners who received textual enhancement used their grammar self-regulatory capacity more effectively in developing their receptive knowledge of NCs. It can be concluded that textual enhancement, which provides learners with less explicit instruction, pushes them to use their self-regulatory capacity more effectively in improving receptive knowledge of grammar.
۱۳.

Intercultural teaching in L2 classrooms: Exploring English language teachers’ beliefs(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: The International Journal of Humanities, Volume ۲۵, Issue ۳ (۲۰۱۸) 79-97
تعداد بازدید : ۳۴۹ تعداد دانلود : ۲۰۲
With increasing intercultural communication among people from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds, the integration of language and culture has recently been foregrounded in language education. This has led to a growing need for studies on intercultural communicative competence. To address this need, this study aimed to afford an insight into the beliefs of 20 Iranian language teachers on intercultural language teaching (ICLT). Based on a mixed-method design, two different instruments were used to collect the data. First, an ICLT questionnaire which included 12 items was administered to 20 teachers. This study also used semi-structured interviews to obtain an in-depth understanding of the EFL teachers’ attitudes toward ICLT. The findings from the questionnaire revealed that the teachers were favorably disposed toward ICLT and thought that culture teaching is as important as language teaching. They believed that language teachers are required to inform the learners of intercultural issues. Also, the thematic content analysis of the interviews led to the discovery of four main themes, namely definition of culture, ICLT and its significance, challenges in ICLT, and sources used by the teachers to improve their intercultural knowledge. However, many teachers’ responses in the interviews indicated some degree of uncertainty regarding the concept of ICLT, as they were not confident how to integrate language and culture or how to deal with challenges in implementation of ICLT. These findings imply as the teachers’ perceptions would guide their practices in the classroom, more attention needs to be devoted to the inclusion of ICLT-related topics in language teacher education courses to equip the teachers with requisite skills and expertise.
۱۴.

Sociological and Aesthetic Senses of Culture Represented in Global and Localized ELT Textbooks(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۳۶, Issue ۳, fall ۲۰۱۷

کلیدواژه‌ها: aesthetic sense culture global textbooks localized textbooks sociological sense

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۸۴ تعداد دانلود : ۴۳۵
The relationship between language and culture has become a rich source of inquiry in the context of English language teaching. Learning materials can depict cultural content in different cultural senses, namely aesthetic, sociological, semantic, and pragmatic. The present study aimed to investigate the way cultural aspects are represented in the reading and dialog sections of global ( American English File) and localized ( The ILI English Series) ELT textbooks which are widely used in Iran. The framework adopted to analyze the cultural contents of the materials was Adaskou, Britten, and Fahsi (1990) to explore how culture in aesthetic and sociological senses is realized in the series. The findings demonstrated that more emphasis was put on the sociological sense and that this aspect of the culture dominated the aesthetic sense in the cultural contents of the two series. The cultural and culture-free contents represented in the two global and localized series were found to be entirely different in frequency and sense realization. Most of the contents in the localized series were culture-free, while the culture-free contents in the global series were reasonably less than the sociological and aesthetic senses. Additionally, the findings revealed that compared with the worldwide series, the localized textbook was less representative of cultural features in sociological and aesthetic senses. The results imply that ELT materials should be inclusive enough regarding the sociological and aesthetic senses of culture to help learners get engaged in the development of their cultural understanding.
۱۵.

The interface between linguistic noticing and fossilization of grammatical, lexical, and cohesive features among advanced EFL learners(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۶ , N. ۱ , ۲۰۱۷

کلیدواژه‌ها: Fossilization noticing grammatical errors Lexical Errors Cohesive Errors

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۶۱۸ تعداد دانلود : ۵۳۹
Fossilization has become the focus of many L2 studies since its introduction in 1972 as many learners fail to achieve native-speaker competence. Researchers have tried to unravel the causes of fossilization, among which noticing has been claimed to be of great importance. This study aimed to explore the effect of noticing on fossilization. To achieve this aim, a mixed methods approach was utilized. Sixty advanced L1 Persian learners of English studying in Iran were chosen to perform two written and three spoken tasks twice. Qualitative data included the content analysis of the participants’ performance on the written and spoken tasks while the quantitative data included percentages of noticed errors and recurrent erroneous forms. The errors observed in both performances were counted and classified. Six main categories named Grammatical Errors, Lexical Errors, and Cohesive Errors were identified. The observed errors were further classified into 61 subcategories. When learners’ ability in noticing their errors was investigated, it was found that they could notice 37.4% of the 3,796 fossilized forms they had produced. Most of the errors observed were categorized in the category of grammatical errors. Noticing affected the number of errors produced. It can be concluded that becoming aware of ones fossilized forms, one will produce fewer fossilized forms. The results of the current study have implications for English language teachers and learners. By being informed of the errors learners make while learning a language and how their noticing affects fossilization, teachers can improve their teaching practice which in turn enhances learning.
۱۶.

L2 Teachers’ Explicit and Implicit Corrective Feedback and Its Linguistic Focus(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: زبان شناسی کاربردی دوره نوزدهم بهار و تابستان ۱۳۹۵ شماره ۱

کلیدواژه‌ها: recast corrective feedback Explicit correction Implicit correction Linguistic feedback Types of feedback

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۸۵۶ تعداد دانلود : ۳۷۴
Various studies have confirmed the influential role of corrective feedback (CF) in the development of different linguistic skills and components. However, little, if any, research has been conducted on comparing types of linguistic errors treated by teachers through CF. To bridge this gap, this study sought to investigate the linguistic errors addressed and the types of CF provided by teachers. To this end, the classes of 40 teachers teaching at the intermediate level were audio-recorded for two successive sessions. The detailed analysis of around 128 hours of classroom interactions showed that explicit correction was the most frequent CF type, accounting for 48.5 percent of all CF types provided, and recast was the second most frequently used CF type, constituting 29.5 percent of all CF types. All the other CF types (i.e. request for clarification, confirmation check, repetition, metalinguistic feedback, elicitation, and multiple feedback) constituted 22 percent of the CF. Repetition was the least frequently used CF type, amounting to 0.66 percent of the CF given by teachers. As to the linguistic focus of CF, pronunciation errors were found to be the mostly noticed target for teachers’ CF, constituting 47 percent of all errors addressed, while vocabulary was the least frequently addressed linguistic target, accounting for 17.5 percent of all errors. The study suggests that teachers prefer explicit corrective strategies over implicit ones and that they provide CF mainly to correct pronunciations errors. The study suggests that there is a need for change in the types of CF teachers use and the relative attention they assign to different linguistic error types they treat through CF
۱۷.

Effects of Structured Input and Meaningful Output on EFL Learners' Acquisition of Nominal Clauses(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: زبان شناسی کاربردی دوره هفدهم پاییز و زمستان ۱۳۹۳ شماره ۲

کلیدواژه‌ها: processing instruction Meaningful output instruction Receptive knowledge Productive knowledge

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۷۱۷ تعداد دانلود : ۴۲۰
The current second language (L2) instruction research has raised great motivation for the use of both processing instruction and meaningful output instruction tasks in L2 classrooms as the two focus-on-form (FonF) instructional tasks. The present study investigated the effect of structured input tasks (represented by referential and affective tasks) compared with meaningful output tasks (implemented through text reconstruction cloze tasks) on the acquisition of English nominal clauses (NCs). The study sought to investigate if (1) both input and output instruction would lead to significant gains of knowledge in acquiring NCs, and (2) there were any significant differences between learners' receptive and productive knowledge of nominal clauses. First-year undergraduate students studying at four intact university classrooms participated in the study. The effectiveness of the tasks was determined by a noun-clause recognition test and a sentence combination production test administered both as the pretest and posttest. The results revealed that both processing instruction and meaningful output instruction helped the learners improve their receptive knowledge of grammar effectively; nevertheless, the processing instruction group did not significantly outperform the meaningful output group in their gains of receptive knowledge of grammar. The findings further illustrated that meaningful output instruction group significantly outperformed processing instruction group in their productive knowledge of grammar
۱۸.

مقاله به زبان انگلیسی: ساختار راهبردهای یادگیری توانش منظورشناختی: بررسی راهبردهای ترجیحی زبان آموزان دارای توانایی منظورشناختی کم (The Construct of Interlanguage Pragmatic Learning Strategies: Investigating Preferences of High vs. Low Pragmatic Performers)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: آموزش مهارت های زبان (JTLS) سال ششم زمستان ۱۳۹۳ (۲۰۱۵) شماره ۴

کلیدواژه‌ها: راهبردهای یادگیری توانش منظورشناختی راهبردهای کلی یادگیری زبان راهبردهای عملکرد منظورشناختی زبان آموزان دارای عملکرد منظورشناختی قوی یا ضعیف

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۷۹۱ تعداد دانلود : ۳۷۵
حیطه مطالعات منظورشناسی در دو دهه گذشته شاهد تحقیقات رو به رشد بوده است. یکی از زمینه هایی که در مورد توانش منظورشناختی زبان خارجی کمتر بررسی شده است، نقش راهبردهای یادگیری زبان است که به طور خاص برای توسعه دانش منظورشناختی زبان آموزان به کار می رود. برای پاسخ به این خلاء تحقیقاتی، در تحقیق حاضر سعی شده است که مهم ترین راهبردها ی یادگیری توانش منظورشناختی به کار برده شده توسط زبان آموزان ایرانی با عملکرد قوی و ضعیف منظور شناختی مشخص شود. این تحقیق در دو مرحله انجام شد. در مرحله ی نخست، آزمون چهارگزینه ای منظورشناختی شامل پنج کنش کلامی پربسامد زبان انگلیسی به 500 زبان آموز ایرانی داده شد. در مرحله ی دوم، از 80 زبان آموز با قوی ترین و از 80 زبان آموز با ضعیف ترین عملکرد در آزمون منظورشناختی اجرا شده مصاحبه به عمل آمد و پاسخ های آنها ضبط شد. مهم ترین راهبردهای یادگیری توانش منظورشناختی از مصاحبه های ضبط شده زبان آموزان با عملکرد منظورشناختی قوی و ضعیف شناسایی و استخراج شد. راهبردهای استخراج شده براساس تقسیم بندی کوهن (2005, 2010)، نتایج تحقیق حاضر، و نیز تقسیم بندی راهبردهای کلی یادگیری زبان ارائه شده توسط آکسفورد (1990)، طبقه بندی شدند. راهبردهای یادگیری توانش منظورشناختی مشخص شده به شش دسته تقسیم شدند: حافظه ای، شناختی، فراشناختی، اجتماعی، جبرانی، و عاطفی. نتایج آماری نشان داد زبان آموزانی که عملکرد منظورشناختی قوی تری داشتند راهبردهای شش گانه ی فوق الذکر را بیشتر از زبان آموزان با عملکرد منظورشناختی ضعیف به کار برده بودند. مهم ترین نتیجه گیری تحقیق حاضر این است که استفاده بیشتر از راهبردهای یادگیری توانش منظور شناختی، عملکرد قوی تر و توسعه بیشتر توانش منظورشناحتی زبان آموزان زبان خارجی را به همراه دارد. مهم ترین کاربرد آموزشی این تحقیق این است که راهبردهای یادگیری توانش منظورشناختی را بایستی به زبان آموزان یاد داد تا بتوان دانش منظورشناختی آنها را به طور کلی و توانش مربوط به کنش های کلامی آنها را به طور خاص ارتقا داد.
۱۹.

مقاله به زبان انگلیسی: تعامل بین توانش منظورشناختی، بسندگی زبانی، و حوزه رشدِ تقریبیِ فردی و گروهی زبان آموزان (Interface between L2 learners’ pragmatic performance, language proficiency, and individual/group ZPD)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: تحقیقات کاربردی زبان انگلیسی پاییز و زمستان ۱۳۹۳ شماره ۷

کلیدواژه‌ها: بسندگی زبانی توانش منظورشناختی منظورشناسی زبان بینابینی حوزه رشد تقریبی فردی حوزه رشد تقریبی گروهی

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۷۹۰ تعداد دانلود : ۴۹۵
یکی از نظریه های موجود در باره ی چگونگی رشد توانش منظورشناختی زبان آموزان نظریه ی اجتماعی-فرهنگی ویگوتسکی است. مقاله حاضر با بررسی یکی از مفاهیم این نظریه یعنی ""حوزه رشد تقریبی"" برای رشد توانش منظورشناختی زبان آموزان پرداخته و به دو سوال پاسخ می دهد: اول اینکه آیا ارتباطی میان میزان کمک و حمایت ارائه شده به زبان آموز و سطح بسندگی زبانی او در یادگیری توانش منظورشناختی وجود دارد؟ دوم اینکه آیا ارتباطی میان ""حوزه رشد تقریبی"" فردی و ""حوزه رشد تقریبی"" گروهی وجود دارد؟ بدین منظور، بیست زبان آموز با دو سطح بسندگی زبانی انتخاب شده و به دو گروه تقسیم شدند. آموزش هر دو گروه بر اساس ""حوزه رشد تقریبی"" انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که ارتباط معناداری میان سطح بسندگی زبانی و یادگیری توانش منظور شناختی وجود ندارد. از طرف دیگر، میان ""حوزه رشد تقریبی"" فردی و گروهی رابطه وجود دارد. این بدان معناست که دانش عمومی زبان تاثیر چندانی بر یادگیری توانش منظورشناختی ندارد. همچنین می توان گفت که کمک ارائه شده به زبان آموز کاملا فردگرایانه است و بر اساس ظرفیت و توان فرد زبان آموز معنا و مفهوم پیدا می کند.
۲۰.

مقاله به زبان انگلیسی: تاثیر فعالیت های آگاهی بخش مبتنی بر قیاس، استقرا، و زبان اول بر یادگیری کنش کلامی درخواست (The Impact of Deductive, Inductive, and L1-Based Consciousness-Raising Tasks on )(EFL Learners' Acquisition of the Request Speech Act)(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: آموزش مهارت های زبان (JTLS) سال ششم بهار ۱۳۹۳ (۲۰۱۴) شماره ۱

کلیدواژه‌ها: آگاهی بخشی فعالیت قیاسی فعالیت استقرایی فعالیت زبان-اول محور کنش کلامی درخواست

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۱۹۶ تعداد دانلود : ۶۱۲
اهمیت و ضرورت تدریس منظورشناسی زبان توسط بسیاری از محققان (مانند رز و کسپر، 2001) تاکید شده است. با توجه به اتفاق نظر موجود در مورد ضرورت تدریس توانش منظورشناختی زبان، اکنون مسئله حائز اهمیت نحوه تدریس موثر این توانش است. با توجه به این مسئله، پژوهش حاضر تاثیر فعالیت های آموزشی آگاهی برانگیز قیاسی، استقرایی، و زبان-اول محور را بر فراگیری کنش کلامی درخواست زبان آموزان در طول یک دوره هفت جلسه ای آموزش بررسی می کند. نتایج به دست آمده از طریق آزمون کتبی تکمیل گفتمان و از میان 140 زبان آموز نشان داد که آموزش تاثیر مهمی بر روی فراگیری کنش کلامی درخواست زبان آموزان داشته است. مقایسه فعالیت های آموزشی آگاهی برانگیز مختلف نشان داد که در مجموع فعالیت های آموزشی قیاسی موثرترین فعالیت آموزشی بوده است. علاوه بر این، بررسی نتایج به دست آمده بیانگر این موضوع است که زبان آموزان به طور کلی از فعالیت های آگاهی برانگیز زبان-اول محور تاثیرپذیر بودند و این فعالیت ها تاثیر بهتری نسبت به فعالیت های استقرایی در ارتقای دانش منظورشناختی زبان آموزان داشتند. نتایج این پژوهش دال بر آن است که فعالیت های آموزشی آگاهی برانگیز را می توان برای افزایش آگاهی منظورشناختی اجتماعی زبان آموزان به کار گرفت و به آنان کمک کرد تا توانش منظورشناختی خود را افزایش دهند.

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