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Nowadays, digital literacy and the use of digital resources and communication tools in academic contexts have been promoted by the rise of digital civilization in the 21st-century. Thus, this research aimed to study the digital literacy of Iranian EFL teachers and students to find out any significant difference between them. One hundred and fifty Iranian EFL teachers, and 175 Iranian EFL students were invited to participate in this study. A 181-item standardized measure developed and validated by Khlaisang and Koraneekij (2019) was used to assess individuals’ three crucial 21st-century digital skills namely Information Literacy (IL), Media Literacy (ML), and Information Communication Technology Literacy (ICTL). To find that whether this difference is significant or not, a t-test was run. The results highlight that Iranian EFL teachers' scores were higher than students in all the three constructs of IL, ML, and ICTL, and ICTL had the highest mean score among all. The data regarding teachers’ and students’ digital literacy can be a reference for educational planners and decision-makers to identify digital skills which should be considered more seriously at the university level especially in these Coronavirus days.

Considéré comme noyau de la phrase, le verbe fait l’objet d’étude de cet article. Pour circonscrire le champ de recherche, nous avons cerné quatre catégories de verbes dont introducteurs, synonymes, ceux construits avec préfixes et les verbes polysémiques pour les examiner sur le plan sémantico-lexical et voir leurs effets en traduction. Nous voulons savoir comment il faut réagir devant chaque catégorie pour trouver un équivalent convenable selon le contexte. Un corpus constitué des extraits d’un livre de jeunesse, ainsi que les phrases en langue persane élaborés à notre initiative et leur traduction en français nous ont permis d’effectuer notre étude. Les résultats de ce tour d’horizon verbal basé sur les exemples analysés nous montrent l’immense richesse des verbes français et leur raffinement lexical, de sorte que pour un moindre geste ou une légère nuance dans un acte, un verbe vient en aide pour compléter la phrase sur le plan sémantique.

< p>Cette contribution accorde un statut « parasite » aux interactions en situation de corruption (ISC) étant donné qu’elles n’ont pas un caractère conventionnel. Toutefois, elle postule que celles-ci utilisent les séquences encadrantes à des fins stratégiques. D’une manière générale, les rituels conversationnels d’ouverture instituent, par le truchement de la validation interlocutoire, la collaboration dans les activités sociales. Ceux qui renvoient à la clôture favorisent l’établissement d’une histoire conversationnelle entre les participants. Or, envisager l’étude des séquences d’ouverture et de clôture dans une perspective strictement structurelle n’avancera pas nécessairement la connaissance du comportement langagier des participants engagés dans les ISC. Partant de ce constat, l’article se donne pour tâche de mettre en exergue la façon dont les participants utilisent les formules figées de la langue pour servir leur but corruptif. Pour finir, il se focalise sur les enjeux de la ritualisation dans les représentations filmiques des interactions en situation de corruption.

La description joue un rôle fondamental dans l’œuvre des écrivains réalistes. Ces derniers pensent effectivement que la multiplication des détails renforce « l’effet de réel » existant dans un texte donné. La description aura donc pour fonction de décrire des milieux, des faits et de représenter la réalité. Le roman dit " réaliste " est en quelque sorte, un passage de l'oralité à la visualité à travers, entre autres, les descriptions minutieuses et souvent détaillées. Ainsi, la description est-elle l’un des mécanismes par lesquels le roman traditionnel produit l'illusion de la réalité. Chez le narrateur de ce genre de roman, tous les détails sont importants, même les détails apparemment insignifiants et inutiles, car ils rendent du moins l’histoire vraisemblable et crédible. Ayant un effet de réel, les descriptions réalistes affectent la fiction. Autrement dit, elles sont là pour « faire vrai ». Ainsi, la description est le mode d'expression privilégié du romancier réaliste et l’un des mécanismes par lesquels le roman traditionnel produit l'illusion de la réalité. Au XX e siècle, Queneau, l’écrivain adhéré au mouvement surréaliste, met ce genre de description en jeu et en parodie. Dans cet article, nous nous demanderons comment Queneau, cofondateur de l’Oulipo, met en question les descriptions réalistes qui étaient jusque-là toujours chargées du souci de la réalité. Les descriptions données par Queneau sont souvent destructrices; loin d’aider le lecteur à imaginer les personnages et les choses, elles en retardent les images.

La paratopie littéraire conduit à s’interroger sur le statut même de l’œuvre littéraire et sur la relation de son auteur à la littérature. La paratopie s’intègre à un processus créateur. De ce fait, le créateur apparaît comme quelqu’un qui n’a pas de lieu et qui doit construire le territoire de son œuvre à travers cette impossibilité de s’assigner une véritable place. Nous nous intéresserons, dans la présente réflexion, à Chester Himes et à ses continuateurs africains notamment Mongo Beti, Simon Njami et Bolya Baenga. Himes est un écrivain américain de romans policiers. Il a inspiré ces écrivains africains qui l’ont suivi pour produire à leur tour des romans dans ce genre. Leur double paratopie spatiale et identitaire a été un véritable stimulus dans leur création littéraire. Cet article vise à montrer que la paratopie est une appartenance paradoxale qui rend possible tout processus de création. Nous arrivons à la conclusion qu’elle est posée comme le levier même de la création littéraire ou si l’on veut comme le principe moteur des productions littéraires selon Maingueneau.

Traditionnellement, le voyage est un fait culturel par lequel l’homme acquiert une certaine connaissance d’autrui et celle de lui-même. Le voyageur s’intéresse aux paysages, aux coutumes et aux architectures plus que le peuple autochtone lui-même. Le fruit du voyage est tiraillé entre le désir d’authenticité, parce qu’il veut être reflet du monde, et les séductions de la fiction qui le changent.   Les études des images ou l’imagologie, sont un amalgame de l’histoire littéraire, politique et psychologique des peuples. Cette préoccupation nous a amenés à travailler sur Madame Chrysanthème de Pierre Loti. Concernant notre objectif, d’abord, on donnera un panorama général sur l’imagologie. Ensuite, on va voir comment Loti va percer le mystère des origines de l’histoire des Japonais et l’exotisme psychologique à travers une couleur amoureuse et autobiographique. Finalement, nous essayerons de démontrer s’il y a une distance entre l’image pressentie dans la tête du voyageur et la réalité ressentie par celui-ci.

In recent years, audiovisual translation (AVT) has become omnipresent in different parts of the world; however, dubbing humor restrictions may hamper the translation in that maintaining the humor in the target language (TL) requires a high level of knowledge. Although several studies have attempted to describe the distribution of translation strategies, few systematic attempts are made to analyze the employed AVT strategies in humor series. The present study analyzed the Persian humor expressions’ appropriacy and their translated versions in English through a qualitative study. To this aim, the dominant strategies used to render humor in the translated versions of 3 dubbed Iranian series (i.e., Shamsolemareh, Chimney, and Medical Building ) were analyzed. Furthermore, the typologies of the employed audiovisual humor in the series were analyzed. Data analysis illustrated that clumsiness and parody were the most frequent humor typologies used in the series. The 3 strategies of omission, word-for-word translation, and free translation were the most frequent ones. In conclusion, the results indicated the failure to accommodate the Iranian series’ humorous level, preventing the target audience from appreciating humor. Findings can contribute to the improvement of the quality of humor translation.

Group Dynamic Assessment (G-DA), introduced by Poehner (2009), applies mediation through concurrent and cumulative approaches. This study investigated the effect of the two approaches on Iranian homogeneous and heterogeneous EFL learners' auditory memory in listening tasks. Eighty female intermediate EFL learners were chosen as the participants of the study. They were assigned to two groups of forty homogeneous and forty heterogeneous learners. Then, each group was divided into two experimental groups with twenty participants in each. Homogeneous and heterogeneous participants were assessed through both concurrent and cumulative approaches. To find out the main and interaction effect of concurrent and cumulative G-DA and homogeneity and heterogeneity of EFL learners, the post-test scores of the participants were analysed through a two-way ANOVA.  The results indicated that G-DA approaches on the one hand and homogeneity and heterogeneity of EFL learners on the other, had both significant main and interaction effect on EFL learners' auditory memory.  For the independent effect of both approaches, a one-way ANOVA was also used. The results indicated that cumulative G-DA had more significant effect than concurrent one on heterogeneous EFL learners' auditory memory. ANOVA analysis also proved that the two approaches did not differ in their effect on homogenous learners.  

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between listening assessment task types, time on task, and the use of listening strategy by Iranian EFL learners. For this purpose, a group of 44 Iranian EFL students (Males and Females; 14 to 25 years old) selected through convenience sampling from an English language institute in Sanandaj participated in this study. Then, they were randomly assigned into four experimental groups. In one group, note-taking was considered the listening assessment task, while in the second group oral reproduction was specified as the assessment task for assessing listening comprehension. After that, each group was further subdivided randomly into a shorter time-on-task group (20 minutes) and a longer time-on-task group (40 minutes). Next, all groups completed Vandergrift, Goh, Mareschal, and Tafaghodtari’s (2006) Meta-cognitive Awareness Listening Strategy Questionnaire. A two-way ANOVA was run to examine the effects of both listening assessment task type and time on task on listening strategy use among the four groups. The results revealed that the students in the oral reproduction task with high time on task group significantly showed higher preferences for choosing Planning-Evaluation, Mental Translation, and Problem-Solving strategies and those in the note-taking with low time on task group preferred the Directed-Attention strategy, while those in the note-taking with high time on task group preferred Person-Knowledge strategy.

Teacher professional development rests on the provision of knowledge, development of skills, and change of attitudes of teacher candidates and in-service teachers. Teachers’ professional knowledge, perceptions and teaching practice contribute greatly to student learning. This study sets out to investigate the relationships and inter-relationships among professional knowledge, academic self-concept and self-reported instructional practice which was found as a research gap in the literature. Using a sample of 92 pre-service TEFL teachers in Iran, a significant positive correlation was found between professional knowledge and academic self-concept. The findings also revealed that different domains of professional knowledge are not related to each other for TEFL. Finally, the obtained results indicated that academic self-concept affected instructional practice in total and at the level of sub-dimensions while professional knowledge had an effect on the two dimensions of instructional practice, namely cognitive activation and student learning support but not on the dimension of classroom management .

Standard political discourse is replete with ambiguity and vagueness. Politicians frequently use vague language to hide their inadequate knowledge, show their low interest in the issue, and/or evoke emotion. This study reports on a qualitative content analysis of vagueness in two Iranian presidents' political interviews within a pragmalinguistic and sociopolitical paradigm. The data consisted of nine question-answer exchanges extracted from seven internationally live broadcast interviews. A total of 57 instances of vague language use were analyzed in terms of 21 pragmalinguistic vagueness strategies. Implications are that vagueness in political discourse is motivated by a multiplicity of factors such as face management, sociopolitical and situational adaptation, conflict avoidance, and personal characteristics of the interviewers and the respondents. Vagueness was also found to be a sign of diplomatic prudence or wisdom.

Annually, a good number of Iranian students who have completed their undergraduate studies in non-English-related majors apply and enroll in Master’s level Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) programs. Although evaluating MA TEFL program in Iran from university instructors’ and students’ perspectives has so far been the subject of several studies, the experiences and views of these TEFL major-changers have not been duly explored. To address the existing gap, in this qualitative research, the experiences of major-changers studying TEFL at MA level in three state universities in Tehran have been investigated. Besides, six TEFL university instructors were asked to share their perspectives concerning major-changers attending MA TEFL programs. In the main , the findings revealed that motives like interest in pursuing an English teaching career rather than a job related to their former major; gaining the required competency through attending crash courses held by university exam preparatory institutes; facing challenges in acquiring the specialized discourse of the community; and witnessing realities which ran counter to their prior supposition, as discussed by the major-changers and the instructors, formed part of the lived experiences and views of these major-changers.

Within the realm of lexis, the area of collocation is of prime importance to producing natural-sounding language for anyone learning a foreign language. This study aimed at investigating the effects of two modes of sentence writing versus multiple-choice test practice manipulation on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ lexical collocation learning. For this purpose, to ensure the homogeneity of the participants, Preliminary English Test (PET) was administered to 87 students studying English at two English institutes of Ofoghhaye Nour and Nourmahdi in Roudsar, Guilan, through which 60 students were selected as the target participants. They were intermediate students with the age range between 17 and 23. They were then divided into two equal comparison groups: Sentence-writing Group (SRG) and Multiple-choice Group (MCG). A piloted pretest of lexical collocation was administered to both groups. Then both groups underwent a 7-session treatment. SRG was treated by the virtue of sentence-writing practice for the target collocations, and MCG was instructed through recognition practice, here multiple-choice practice. After the treatment period, the same version of lexical collocation test was administered to both groups as posttest to examine the effectiveness of the treatments. The results of paired-samples and independent samples t-tests indicated that both groups had collocation gains but the effectiveness of multiple-choice test manipulation on learners’ lexical collocation outweighed that of the sentence-writing mode of test practice manipulation. The implications and recommendations were also presented.

It is widely acknowledged that collocations play a crucial role in second or foreign language learning by enabling learners to know more about language chunks and lexical strings. Although many studies have examined L2 learners’ collocational competence, comparatively less research has been carried out to probe into the effective instruction and exercises for enhancing the acquisition, retention, and production of lexical (e.g. make a mistake ) vs. grammatical ( on purpose ) collocations. Therefore, the present study attempted to explore the effect of L2 definitions, fill-in-the-blanks, and sentence writing exercises on the acquisition, retention, and production of lexical vs. grammatical collocations. The data were collected from 66 EFL participants who were studying English at a private language institute. First, an Oxford Placement Test (OPT) was given to homogenize the learners. Then, the participants were divided into three groups, each receiving one of the three different types of exercises including definitions, fill-in-the-blanks, and sentence writing exercises. Data analysis using multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) indicated that learners who received the sentence writing treatment significantly outperformed those learners who received definition and fill-in-the-blank exercises in the acquisition, retention, and production of lexical vs. grammatical collocations. Moreover, fill-in-the-blanks could help the participants learn, retain, and remember both types of collocations significantly better than the L2 definitions. These findings have some pedagogical implications for learning and teaching lexical and grammatical collocations.