مطالب

Purpose: the aim of the present study was to investigate the dimensions and quality of teaching-learning interactions by elementary teachers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: this was a qualitative study carried out using a phenomenological approach. The study population included all elementary school teachers in Abhar City (Iran). From this population, 12 individuals were selected as participants in the study using purposive sampling (chain sampling) who were engaged in online teaching from the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. Data collection instrument included semi-structured or in-depth interviews performed in the Google meet interactive platform. The interviews continued until reaching data saturation. Data analysis was also carried out using thematic analysis and theme network formation. Validity was also assessed using peer review and member checking and reliability was assessed by text coding of three interviews by anonymous people outside the research. Findings: the results reflect the dimensions and quality of teaching/learning interactions by elementary teachers during the Covid-19 pandemic in the form of 226 basic themes, 21 organizing themes and 4 global themes. Conclusion: the results showed that elementary teachers had relatively acceptable interactions with themselves, students and parents during this process. However, there were no acceptable interactions between teachers and their colleagues.

Background : Low back pain (LBP) can cause changes in muscle activity in affected individuals, making it difficult for them to contract their muscles effectively and engage in physical activities. Manual chiropractic techniques have been proposed as a potential solution to improve muscle orientation and function in individuals with LBP. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of manual techniques on maximum muscle activity electromyography, functional disability, and pain in women with non-specific chronic low back pain. Materials and Methods: Twenty women between the ages of 30 and 50, who had been experiencing NSCLBP for over three months with no history of spinal surgery or postural abnormalities, and were able to perform daily activities after providing consent, were recruited from a sports medicine clinic to participate in the study. In the pre-test, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to assess functional disability, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess pain levels. Additionally, the maximum muscle activity of the multifidus and lumbar quadratus lumborum (QL) was measured using EMG. Chiropractic manipulation techniques were then implemented in the experimental group, with three sessions per week for six weeks, within the clinic. The same tests were repeated in the post-test. The ANOVA test was used to compare the chiropractic and control groups, with a significance level of α ≤ 0.05. Results : The study results indicate that chiropractic manual techniques were effective in reducing lumbar EMG activity ( P = 0.0001), reducing pain index ( P = 0.002), and improving functional disability ( P = 0.001) significantly. Conclusion : The study findings suggest that six weeks of chiropractic manipulation techniques can induce a feeling of relaxation, reduce pain, and passively strengthen the lumbar muscles. These improvements in muscle condition and functional disability may lead to a reduction in pain experienced by individuals with NSCLBP.

School principals' ethical considerations and organizational decisions can improve schools' image and social credibility. This study designed and validated Lorestan principals' conceptual, ethical decision-making model. The study has an exploratory mixed-methods design. The qualitative section included grounded theory, paradigm-based theme analysis, and interpretive structural modeling. Exploratory, descriptive methods underpinned the quantitative section. Education experts with scientific experience in decision-making and ethics and one or more articles in those fields constituted the qualitative section's research field. The quantitative section's statistical population comprised Lorestan's nearly 1,000 school principals. Semi-structured interviews with 18 purposively selected school principals provided data for the qualitative section. Random cluster sampling and Krejcie and Morgan's table selected 181 people for the quantitative section. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data in this section. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis based on the paradigm model and interpretive structural modeling in three stages (open, axial, and selective coding) using MAXQDA 18. Management experts' opinions and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.95 ensured the questionnaire's content validity and reliability. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS-25 and SPSS Amos software for confirmatory factor analysis and partial square model. Qualitative findings identified 15 organizing and five overarching themes: contextual factors, causal factors, strategic factors, intervening factors, and outcomes. The quantitative results from structural equation modeling demonstrated that Lorestan school principals' ethical decision-making model fits well.